Weblinks for Seventh Edition
From this page you can access the Internet links found in the Oxford Handbook of Clinical Medicine 7th Edition, using the menu below. These pages will be updated regularly, however OUP cannot guarantee that all the links will work, as we are not responsible for external content.
Web-based references relating to the number under the disk sign, listed by page header
Chapter 01: Thinking about medicine
Ideals
1 Standard drawing of Orion constellation [Link]; page 2
2 Lancet. 1999 Oct 16;354(9187):1320 Lancet. 1999 Oct 16;354(9187):1331 Modification of attitudes to influence survival from breast cancer. Tucker J [Link]; page 2
Asking questions
3 Open and closed questions. H Goodare [Link]; page 4
What is the mechanism? Finding narrative answers
4 Medicine, the arts, and the humanities--lancet 3003 362 93--G Bolton [Link]; page 5
Death: Diagnosis and managementNo links
Facing death
5 D Payne 2000 BMJ ii 658; page 7
6 R Smith 2000 A good death--An important aim for health services and for us all--The art of living well and dying well are one--Epicurus; [Link]; page 7
7 BMJ; page 2003;327:1011 Adherence to advance directives in critical care decision making: vignette study--Trevor Thompson [Link]; page 7
Prescribing drugsNo links
Prevention
8 Health Expect. 2001 Jun;4(2):92-8. Information about screening - is it to achieve high uptake or to ensure informed choice?--Raffle AE [Link]; page 9
9 BMJ; page 2003;327:703-709 Effects of communicating individual risks in screening programmes: Cochrane systematic review--Edwards A [Link]; page 9
Is this new drug any good?
10 1994 BMJ ii 597; page 10
11 M Moher 2000 BMJ i 537 & 1997 NEJM 337 536; page 10
12 BMJ 2003;327:1005. Cochrane plans to allay fears over industry influence--Ray Moynihan [Link]; page 10
Surviving house jobsNo links
Quality, QALYs and the interpretation of dreams
13 J Tudor Hart 2000 BMJ 18 & 1971 Lancet i 405; page 12
13 Trends in Hurricane Impacts in the United States. Roger A. Pielke [Link]; page 12
14 Milly Song CHINA, NATIONAL, BEIJING, NEWS: Murder On Bus 726? [Link]; page 12
15 A line Cherry trees in France, along a busy road, was set to be axed as drivers predictably drove into their trunks--but on appeal the trees won, on the grounds of beauty. [No link]; page 12
16 J Pell 2000 BMJ i 15; page 12
17 WHO comments on Nice methodologies--2003 [Link]; page 12
18 Health Technol Assess. 2003;7(3):1 Systematic review and economic evaluation of the effectiveness of infliximab for the treatment of Crohn’s disease. Clark W [Link]; page 12
18 See S Deventer Gastroenterology 1999 117 761 [@10500056] and M Kamm 2000 Prescriber 11 38[Link]; page 12
19 Cost Analysis of Primary Total Hip Replacement--O’Shea Kieran [Link]; page 12
20 Drug offers hope to Alzheimer; page 12
21 Gerontology -- example of a relative’s comments about going on Memantine [Link]; page 12
The inverse care law and distributive justice
22 J Tudor Hart 2000 BMJ i 18 & 1971 Lancet i 405 & BMJ 2000;320:15-19 [Link]?; page 12
Psychiatry on medical and surgical wards
23 Atonement, page 150--‘Ian McEwan’s latest novel is a dark, sleek trap of a book. It lures its readers in with the promise of a morality tale set in an English country manor in 1935. There will be a crime, we learn, and so far the novel’s furnishings are at once cozy and exciting...’ [Link]; page 13
24 See New Zealand analysis of these questions: BMJ 2003 327 1144 [Link]; page 13
The elderly patient in hospital
25 S Ebrahim 1998 bmj i 148; page 14
26 R Doll 1997 bmj ii 1030; page 14
27 S Ebrahim 1998 bmj i 148; page 14
28 Royal College Group 1991 J Roy Col Phys 25 197; page 14
29 After J Grimley Evans 1992 Oxford Textbook of Geriatric Medicine, oup 703; page 14
30 D Fairweather 1991 J Roy Col Phys 25 105; page 14
31 The role of chest radiography in the evaluation of the ‘geriatric giants’--JA Puxty [Link]; page 14
32 Oxybutynin is preferred to tolterodine for overactive bladder [Link]; page 14
33 e-bm 1999 4 47 and R Bernabei [Link]; page 15
34 D Black [Link]; page 15
On being busy: Corrigan’s secret doorNo links
Health and medical ethics
35 As to diseases, make a habit of two things -- to help, or at least to do no harm. written by Hippocrates in Epidemics, Bk. I, Sect. XI (tr. by W.H.S. Jones) [Link]; page 17
Difficult patients(footnote) Crime and Punishment, Dostoevsky --; [Link]; page 18
Problems with Kantian universalizability: [Link]; page 18
Medicine, art and the humanitiesNo links
Chapter 02: Clinical skills
Clinical SkillsNo links
Taking a historyNo links
Functional enquiry
1 Why graduate medical schools make sense. Horton R. Lancet; 1998 Mar 14; 351(9105):826-8. PubMed ID: 9519976; page [Link]; page 25
2 A precis of the life of William Osler can be found at: [Link]; page 25
Physcial examination
3 Clinical observation: Beau’s lines on fingernails after deep saturation dives. Author: Schwartz H. Journal: Undersea Hyperb Med; 2006 Jan-Feb; 33(1):5-10. PubMed ID: 16602251. [Link]; page 27
4 Case report showed Muehrcke’s nails, not Beau’s lines; page Matthias M“hrenschlager, dermatologist[Link]; page 27
5 The Nelson’s syndrome... revisited. Journal: Pituitary; 2005 Aug 17; ():. PubMed ID: 16132203. [Link]; page 27
6 Dupuytren’s contracture: an update of biomolecular aspects and therapeutic perspectives. Journal: J Hand Surg [Br]; 2005 Sep 14; ():. PubMed ID: 16168532. [Link]; page 27
(footnote) A critical appraisal of 98.6 degrees F, the upper limit of the normal body temperature, and other legacies of Carl Reinhold August Wunderlich. Author: Mackowiak PA, Wasserman SS, Levine MM. Journal: JAMA; 1992 Sep 23-30; 268(12):1578-80. PubMed ID: 1302471. [Link]; page 26
(footnote) Temperature measurement: comparison of non-invasive methods used in adult critical care. Author: Farnell S, Maxwell L, Tan S, Rhodes A, Philips B. Journal: J Clin Nurs; 2005 May; 14(5):632-9. PubMed ID: 15840078. [Link]; page 26
The cardiovascular system
7 Comparison of Automated and Mercury Column Blood Pressure Measurements in Health Care Settings. Journal: J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich); 2000 Mar; 2(2):81-86. PubMed ID: 11416630. [Link]; page 29
The jugular venous pressure
8 For futher information on the abdominojugular reflux test, see J Weise 2000 Am J Med 109:59-61 or look at the website below [Link]; page 30
(footnote) Hepatojugular reflux; Jeff Aronson BMJ 1999;318:1172 ( 1 May ) [Link]; page 30
9 Waterhammer pulse [Link]; page 31
The heart soundsNo links
Cardiac murmurs
10 Prosthetic Heart Valves at www.eMedicine.com: [Link]; page 35
The respiratory systemNo links
Examining the chestNo links
Gastrointestinal history
11 Niels Thorkild Rovsing; page Danish surgeon, born April 26, 1862, Flensborg; died January 14, 1927, Copenhagen. [Link]; page 41
12 Assessment of peritonism in appendicitis. Author: Golledge J, Toms AP, Franklin IJ, Scriven MW, Galland RB. Journal: Ann R Coll Surg Engl; 1996 Jan; 78(1):11-4. PubMed ID: 8659965.; page [Link]; page 41
The neurological system
13 Can doctors predict patients’ abbreviated mental test scores. Author: Burleigh E, Reeves I, McAlpine C, Davie J. Journal: Age Ageing; 2002 Jul; 31(4):303-6. PubMed ID: 12147569. [Link]; page 42
14 Developed from: Evaluation of a mental test score for assessment of mental impairment in the elderly. [Link]; page 42
15 Cognitive assessment in elderly patients admitted to hospital: the relationship between the Abbreviated Mental Test and the Mini-Mental State Examination. Author: Swain DG, O’Brien AG, Nightingale PG. Journal: Clin Rehabil; 1999 Dec; 13(6):503-8. PubMed ID: 10588537. [Link]; page 42
16 For the Barthel Index see: [Link]; page 42
17 Carotid artery auscultation--anachronism or useful screening procedure? Author: Magyar MT, Nam EM, Csiba L, Ritter MA, Ringelstein EB, Droste DW. Journal: Neurol Res; 2002 Oct; 24(7):705-8. PubMed ID: 12392209. [Link]; page 43
Cranial nerve examination
18 Leber hereditary optic neuropathy. Author: Man PY, Turnbull DM, Chinnery PF. Journal: J Med Genet; 2002 Mar; 39(3):162-9. PubMed ID: 11897814. [Link]; page 45
19 Oculomotor nerve palsy after surgery for upper basilar artery aneurysms. Author: Horikoshi T, Nukui H, Yagishita T, Nishigaya K, Fukasawa I, Sasaki H. Journal: Neurosurgery; 1999 Apr; 44(4):705-10; discussion 710-1. PubMed ID: 10201294. [Link]; page 45
20 Trochlear nerve palsy following minor head trauma. A sign of structural disorder. Author: Jacobson DM, Warner JJ, Choucair AK, Ptacek LJ. Journal: J Clin Neuroophthalmol; 1988 Dec; 8(4):263-8. PubMed ID: 2977142. [Link]; page 45
21 Incidence, associations, and evaluation of sixth nerve palsy using a population-based method. Author: Patel SV, Mutyala S, Leske DA, Hodge DO, Holmes JM. Journal: Ophthalmology; 2004 Feb; 111(2):369-75. PubMed ID: 15019392. [Link]; page 45
22 Twelfth-nerve palsy. Analysis of 100 cases. Author: Keane JR. Journal: Arch Neurol; 1996 Jun; 53(6):561-6. PubMed ID: 8660159. [Link]; page 45
23 Gradenigo syndrome: a case report and review of a rare complication of otitis media. Author: Sherman SC, Buchanan A. Journal: J Emerg Med; 2004 Oct; 27(3):253-6. PubMed ID: 15388211.[Link]; page 45
24 Acquired palsy of the oculomotor, trochlear and abducens nerves. Author: Tiffin PA, MacEwen CJ, Craig EA, Clayton G. Journal: Eye; 1996; 10 ( Pt 3)():377-84. PubMed ID: 8796166. [Link]; page 45
Speech and higher mental function
25 A functional neuroimaging study of the variables that generate category-specific object processing differences. Author: Moore CJ, Price CJ. Journal: Brain; 1999 May; 122 ( Pt 5)():943-62. PubMed ID: 10355678. [Link]; page 47
26 Gender affects naming latencies for living and nonliving things: implications for familiarity. Author: Laws KR. Journal: Cortex; 1999 Dec; 35(5):729-33. PubMed ID: 10656639. [Link]; page 47
27 Functional MRI follow-up study of language processes in healthy subjects and during recovery in a case of aphasia. Author: Fernandez B, Cardebat D, Demonet JF, Joseph PA, Mazaux JM, Barat M, Allard M. Journal: Stroke; 2004 Sep; 35(9):2171-6. PubMed ID: 15297629. [Link]; page 47
28 The association between quantitative measures of dementia and of senile change in the cerebral grey matter of elderly subjects. Blessed G, Tomlinson BE, Roth M. Br J Psychiatry; 1968 Jul; 114(512):797-811. PubMed ID: 5662937 [Link]; page 47
29 Screening for dementia in primary care: a summary of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. [Link]; page 47
30 Screening for cognitive impairment among older people in black and minority ethnic groups. [Link]; page 47
31 The authors would like to thank Shum Yong Shun, University of Putra, Malaysia, for tirggering thoughts on the relative appropriateness and accuracy of the different cognitive mental test scoring systems; page [Link]; page 47
32 Combining cognitive testing and informant report to increase accuracy in screening for dementia.[Link]; page 47
33 The Mini-Mental State Examination is now subject to copyright owned by PAR. See: [Link]; page 47
(footnote)Alan Bennett Kafka’s Dick; page 47
(footnote) Processing concrete words: fMRI evidence against a specific right-hemisphere involvement. Author: Fiebach CJ, Friederici AD. Journal: Neuropsychologia; 2004; 42(1):62-70. PubMed ID: 14615076. [Link]; page 47
Psychiatric assessment
34 What’s New? by Katherine Barber, Editor-in-Chief of the Canadian Oxford Dictionary and the Student’s Oxford Canadian Dictionary [Link]; page 49
Method and order for routine examinationNo links
Chapter 03: Signs and symptoms
Chest deformity
1 Professor Eric W. Fonkalsrud [Link]; page 55
Dizziness
2 Gerard de Nerval, 1837, translated by Richard Holmes, 1996, in Footsteps [no link]; page 58
Facial pain
3 Alper BS J Fam Pract 2000 49 255; page [Link]; page 60
Falls
4 LD Gillespie. 2003 Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 4; page 60
Haemoptysis
5 For a review of critical care management of massive haemotysis, see E Jean-Baptiste 2000 Crit Care Med. 2000 May;28(5):1642-7 [Link]; page 62
Hyperventilation
6 Patients with acute hyperventilation presenting to an inner-city emergency department. Author: Saisch SG, Wessely S, Gardner WN. Journal: Chest; 1996 Oct; 110(4):952-7. PubMed ID: 8874251. [Link]; page 62
Insomnia
7 DH Laurence, ‘Sons and Lovers’; page 62
Internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO) and its causes
8 Internuclear ophthalmoplegia [Link]; page 65
Oedema
9 CJ Diskin 1999 BMJ 318:1610 [Link]; page 66
Chapter 04: Cardiovascular medicine
Cardiovascular medicine
1 Vesalius- and the Anatomy; [Link]; page 78
2 D Jenkins 1997 bmj ii 1481; page 79
3 J Britton 2000 bmj i 65 [Link]; page 79
Cardiovascular symptoms(footnote)Bone scintigraphy and costochondritis. Author: Massie JD, Sebes JI, Cowles SJ. Journal: J Thorac Imaging; 1993 Spring; 8(2):137-42. PubMed ID: 8315708. [Link]; page 80
4 S Capewell 2000 BMJ i 951 & [@10947143] [Link]; page 81
(footnote) [Tietze’s syndrome: importance of differential diagnosis and role of CT] Author: Pulcini A, Drudi FM, Porcelli C, Gagliarducci E, Gallinacci E, Minocchi L, Granai AV, Giacomelli L Journal: G Chir; 1994 Apr; 15(4):171-4. PubMed ID: 8086306. [Link]; page 80
(footnote)Musculoskeletal causes of chest pain. Author: Jensen S. Journal: Aust Fam Physician; 2001 Sep; 30(9):834-9. PubMed ID: 11676310. [Link]; page 80
(footnote)Musculoskeletal chest wall syndromes in patients with noncardiac chest pain: a study of 100 patients. Author: Wise CM, Semble EL, Dalton CB. Journal: Arch Phys Med Rehabil; 1992 Feb; 73(2):147-9. PubMed ID: 1543409. [Link]; page 80
(footnote)Sternal pain [?tenderness]: not always harmless. Hoogendoorn RJ, Brinkman JM, Visser OJ, Paul MA, Wuisman PI. Journal: Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd; 2004 Dec 11; 148(50):2469-74. PubMed ID: 15638192. [Link]; page 80
(footnote)Ultrasonographic assessment of local steroid injection in Tietze’s syndrome. Author: Kamel M, Kotob H. Journal: Br J Rheumatol; 1997 May; 36(5):547-50. PubMed ID: 9189056. [Link]; page 80 4 S Capewell 2000 BMJ i 951 & [@10947143] [Link]; page 81
ECG – a methodical approachNo links
ECG-abnormalitiesNo links
ECG – additional points
5 W Berk 1987 J Emerg Med 5 305; page 86
Exercise ECG testingNo links
Cardiac catheterizationNo links
EchocardiographyNo links
Cardiovascular drugs
6 (75mg/day) mrc 1998 Lancet 251 233; page 100
7 Lancet 1997 349 833 & 1994 343 128; page 100
8 nejm 1997 336 525; page 100
9 Lancet 1997 349 833 & 1994 343 128; page 100
10 nejm 1997 336 525; page 100
11 nejm 1997 336 525; page 100
12 Effect of Very High-Intensity Statin Therapy on Regression of Coronary Atherosclerosis; page The ASTEROID Trial. Steven E. Nissen [Link]; page 101
Angina pectoris
13 H Bucher 2000 bmj i 73 & [Link]; page 102
14 Interventional versus conservative treatment for patients with unstable angina or non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction: the British Heart Foundation RITA 3 randomised trial. Randomized Intervention Trial of unstable Angina. Author: Fox KA, Poole-Wilson PA, Henderson RA, Clayton TC, Chamberlain DA, Shaw TR, Wheatley DJ, Pocock SJ, Randomized Intervention Trial of unstable Angina Investigators . Journal: Lancet; 2002 Sep 7; 360(9335):743-51. PubMed ID: 12241831. [Link]; page 102
15 Schweiz Med Wochenschr. 1999 Nov 13;129(45):1679-96. To stent or not to stent. Schalcher C[Link]; page 102
Acute coronary syndrome
16 M Ebell 2000 Meta-analysis [@10947143]; page 104
17 K Fox 1999 bmj 1451 [Link]; page 104
Management of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)
18 1999 Am J Cardiol 1999 84 404[@10468077]; page 106
19 European Heart Journal (2002) 23, 1809“1840 [Link]; page 106
20 NICE guideline 47 [Link]; page 106
21 NICE:TA080 Clopidogrel in the treatment of non-ST-segment-elevation acute coronary syndrome - Quick reference guide; page [Link]; page 106
22 NICE Guideline. Prophylaxis for patients who have experienced a myocardial infarction; page 106
23 DVLA web site [Link]; page 106
Complications of MINo links
ArrythmiasNo links
Narrow complex tachycardias
24 N Peters 2000 bmj ii 716 [Link]; page 112
Broad complex tachycardia No links
Atrial fibrillation (AF) and flutter
25 Lancet 2000 355 903; page 116
26 Serum magnesium in acute myocardial infarction. Relation to arrhythmias. Author: Dyckner T. Journal: Acta Med Scand; 1980; 207(1-2):59-66. PubMed ID: 7368975. [Link]; page 116
27 Myerson S et al 2005 Emergencies in Cardiology; OUP p 142 [Link]; page 116
28 N Engl J Med; 2002 Dec 5; 347(23):1825-33 PubMed ID: 12466506; page 116
29 N Engl J Med; 2002 Dec 5; 347(23):1825-33; page PubMed ID: 12466506; page 116
30 Warfarin anticoagulation and outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Author: Reynolds MW, Fahrbach K, Hauch O, Wygant G, Estok R, Cella C, Nalysnyk L. Journal: Chest; 2004 Dec; 126(6):1938-45. PubMed ID: 15596696. [Link]; page 116
31 Stanley Nattel &L Opie 2006 Lancet 367 262 [Link]; page 116
32 Professor Gregory Lip’s list of contraindications to warfarin--Pulse 2006 (jan 19 p
32) http;//www.pulse-i.co.uk; page 116
33 [Outpatient treatment of recurrent atrial fibrillation with the; page 116
34 Rate control in atrial fibrillation: looking beyond the average heart rate. Journal: Curr Opin Cardiol; 2006 Mar; 21(2):88-93. PubMed ID: 16470141. [Link]; page 116
35 FUSTER ET AL., ACC/AHA/ESC GUIDELINES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH ATRIAL FIBRILLATION JACC Vol.38, August 2001:1231-65 ACC/AHA/ESC Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Atrial Fibrillation; page [Link]; page 116
36 Atrial fibrillation: how to approach rate control. Author: Rosenfeld LE. Journal: Curr Cardiol Rep; 2005 Sep; 7(5):391-7. PubMed ID: 16105496. [Link]; page 116
37 Circumferential pulmonary-vein ablation for chronic atrial fibrillation. Author: Oral H,: N Engl J Med; 2006 Mar 2; 354(9):934-41. PubMed ID: 16510747.; page [Link]; page 117
38 J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2000 Jan;11(1):90-4. Right atrial flutter isthmus revisited: normal anatomy favors nonuniform anisotropic conduction. Waki K [Link]; page 117
Pacemakers No links
Heart failure-basic concepts
39 NICE Chronic Heart Failure Guidance [Link]; page 120
40 NICE clinical guideline 5: Chronic heart failure; page 120
41 Oxford Textbook of Medicine (OTM) 2833; page 120
42 Oxford Textbook of Medicine; page (1996) p 2502; page 120
43 HJ Dargie 1994 bmj i 321; page 120
Heart failure: management
44 NICE: Chronic Heart Failure 2003; Guideline 5 [Link]; page 122
45 Lechat Circulation 1998 98 1184 & Lancet 1999 353: 2001; page 122
46 Cleland 1999 BMJ 1999 318 824; page 122
47 N Engl J Med; 2004 Nov 11; 351(20):2049-57 [Link]; page 122
48 S Westaby 2000 Lancet 356 901; page 122
Hypertension
49 Lancet 2002;360:1903-13; page 124
50 Nature. 1999 May 20;399(6733):185-6. French geneticists raise worries over use of new genome funds. Butler D. [Link]; page 125
Hypertension-management
51 Lowering blood pressure to prevent myocardial infarction and stroke: a new preventive strategy; Dr Malcolm Law; 7 June 2006; ReFeR summary [Link]; page 126
52 JAMA 2002;288:2981-97; page 126
53 Lancet; 2004 Nov 6-12; 364(9446):1684-9; page; page PubMed ID: 15530629; page 126
54 Lancet; 2005 Sep 10; 366(9489):907-13; page PubMed ID: 16154017; page 126
55 Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 1999 Oct 30;143(44):2185-90. Hypertensive crisis: definition, pathophysiology and treatment van den Meiracker AH; page [Link]; page 126
Rheumatic fever
56 G Stollerman 1995 Lancet 346 391; page 128
57 D Kanabar 1996 Lancet ii 1000; page 128
58 G Stollerman 1995 Lancet 346 391; page 128
59 D Kanabar 1996 Lancet ii 1000; page 128
60 D Albert 1995 Medicine 74 1; page 128
Mitral valve diseaseNo links
Aortic valve disease
61 C Otto 2000 nejm 343 652 [Link]; page 132
62 www.txt.co.uk/sum.cfm?1050; page 132
63 C Otto 2000 nejm 343 652 [Link]; page 132
Right heart valve disease
64 M Massimo 1998 bmj i 88; page 135
65 J Murkin 2000 Stroke 31 707 (cns microemboli risk is proportional to the duration of cardiopulmonary bypass); page 135
Infective endocarditis
66 D Durack Am J Med 1994 96 200; page 136
67 N Beeching 1994 Infectious Diseases 136 1994 Wolfe; page 136
Diseases of heart muscle
68 Turk J Pediatr. 1998 Oct-Dec;40(4):613-8. Variable clinical expression of Holt-Oram syndrome in three generations. Ogur G [Link]; page 139
Pericardial diseases
69 www.txt.co.uk/sum.cfm?1051; page 140
Congenital heart disease No links
Driving and the heart No links
Chapter 05: Chest medicine
Chest medicine
1 Courtesy of Oxford Textbook of Medicine (OTM) 4/OUP; page 146
Bedside tests in chest medicine
2 BMJ 1998;317:1213-1216 Assessing and interpreting arterial blood gases and acid-base balance. Adrian J Williams. [Link]; page 149
Further investigations in chest medicine
3 Importance of adjusting carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (DLCO) and carbon monoxide transfer coefficient (KCO) for alveolar volume. Author: Johnson DC. Journal: Respir Med; 2000 Jan; 94(1):28-37. PubMed ID: 10714476. [Link]; page 150
4 After D Flenley 1987 Med Intl 1 (20) 240; page 151
5 After B Harrison in Thoracic Medicine 1981, ed P Emerson, Butterworths, London; and B Harrison 1971 Thorax 26 579; page 151
Pneumonia
6 British Thoracic Society Guidelines for the Management of Community Acquired Pneumonia in Adults 2001 GUIDELINES (pdf) Thorax 2001; 56: (suppl IV) [Link]; page 152
7 BTS Update on the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults 2004 [Link]; page 152
8 British Thoracic Society Guidelines for the Management of Community Acquired Pneumonia in Adults 2001 GUIDELINES (pdf) Thorax 2001; 56: (suppl IV) [Link]; page 153
9; page BTS Update on the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults 2004 [Link]; page 153
Specific pneumonias
10 J Sanford 2000 GAT ISBN 0993775-43-1; page 154
11 D Denning 2000 Lancet 355 1640; page 154
12 Perspective A New Name (Pneumocystis jiroveci) for Pneumocystis from Humans. James R.; page[Link]; page 154
13 Drug Ther Bul 1993 31 93; page 154
14 Avian flu: isolation of drug-resistant H5N1 virus. Author: Le QM, Kiso M, Someya K, Sakai YT, Nguyen TH, Nguyen KH, Pham ND, Ngyen HH, Yamada S, Muramoto Y, Horimoto T, Takada A, Goto H, Suzuki T, Suzuki Y, Kawaoka Y. Journal: Nature; 2005 Oct 20; 437(7062):1108. PubMed ID: 16228009. [Link]; page 155
15 A child with avian influenza A (H5N1) infection. Author: Chokephaibulkit K, Uiprasertkul M, Puthavathana P, Chearskul P, Auewarakul P, Dowell SF, Vanprapar N. Journal: Pediatr Infect Dis J; 2005 Feb; 24(2):162-6. PubMed ID: 15702046. [Link]; page 155
16 Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Infection in Humans The Writing Committee of the World Health Organization (WHO) Consultation on Human Influenza A/H5. NEJM 2005 Volume 353:1374-1385;[Link]; page 155
17 [Link]; page 155
18 Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Infection in Humans The Writing Committee of the World Health Organization (WHO) Consultation on Human Influenza A/H5. NEJM 2005 Volume 353:1374-1385; page[Link]; page 155
19 British Thoracic Society Guidelines on Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ( [Link]; page 155
20 An overview on severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Author: Hui DS. Journal: Monaldi Arch Chest Dis; 2005 Sep; 63(3):149-57. PubMed ID: 16312205. [Link]; page 155
21 An overview on severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Author: Hui DS. Journal: Monaldi Arch Chest Dis; 2005 Sep; 63(3):149-57. PubMed ID: 16312205. [Link]; page 155Complications of pneumoniaNo links
BronchiestasisNo links
Cystic fibrosis (CF) No links
Funghi and the lung
22 R Doll 1994 BMJ ii 901, 1976 BMJ ii 1525; page 160
23 www.txt.co.uk/sum.cfm?1020; page 160
24 BNF dose of AmpBisome--2006 [Link]; page 160
Lung tumours
25 NICE Guidance on The Diagnosis and Treatment of Lung Cancer [Link]; page 162
26 Drug Ther Bul 1997 35 1; page 162
Asthma No links
(footnote)Image of CXR with secondary from cervical cance. Courtesy of Yale Medical School. Permission from Janet E. Jeddry; Web Editor; ITS Web Services [Link]; page 162
Management of chronic asthma
27 BTS. Thorax 1997 52 S1“S32 and as amended in 2005 (BTS web site) [Link]; page 166
28 Drug Ther Bul 1997 35 1; page 166
(footnote)BMJ 1997 i 1061 [Link]; page 167
(footnote)EBM 1998 3 24 [no link]; page 167 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
29 Thorax. 2003 Sep;58(9):745-51. Thorax. 2003 Sep;58(9):739 Nutritional enhancement of exercise performance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomised controlled trial. Steiner M [Link]; page 168
30 Thorax. 2003 Sep;58(9):745-51. Thorax. 2003 Sep;58(9):739 Nutritional enhancement of exercise performance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomised controlled trial. Steiner M [Link]; page 168
31 Thorax. 2003 Sep;58(9):745-51. Thorax. 2003 Sep;58(9):739 Nutritional enhancement of exercise performance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomised controlled trial. Steiner M [Link]; page 168
32 BMJ 2004; 328:486 (28 February), doi:10.1136/bmj.328.7438.486-d Guidelines: Chronic Obstructive Airways Disease: Mucolytics useful for COPD, guidelines say. C White; page [Link]; page 168
33 British Thoracic Society Guidelines Thorax 2003;58:470; page 169
34 Drug Ther Bul 2004 18 [NO LINK]; page 169
35 www.txt.co.uk/full.cfm?1072; page 169
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)36 Rev Esp Anesthesiol Reanim. 2000 Feb;47(2):57“62. The administration of 20 ppm of inhaled nitric oxide produces a faster response than the inhalation of 5 ppm in adult respiratory distress syndrome Diaz-Reganon Valverde G [Link]; page 170
Respiratory failureNo links
Pulmonary embolism
37 R J O Davies 1997 Thorax 52 416; page 175
Pleural effusion
38 T Eisen 1995 Lancet 345 1285 NO LINK; page 176
Sarcoidosis No links
Interstitial lung diseaseNo links
Extrinsic allergic alveolitis (EAA) No links
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
39 Eur Respir J. 1994 Apr;7(4):651-6. Mechanisms of increased epithelial lung clearance of DTPA in diffuse fibrosing alveolitis. Labrune S; [Link]; page 182
40 R Damhuis 1995 Lancet 345 1233; page 182
Industrial dust diseases
41 E Peppard 2000 NEJM 342 1378 www.nejm.org/content/2000/0342/0019/1378.asp; page 184
Obstructive sleep apnoea
42 E Peppard 2000 NEJM 342 1378; www.nejm.org/content/2000/0342/0019/1378.asp; page 186
Cor pulmonaeNo links
Chapter 06: Endocrinology
Endocrinology
1 Oxford English Dictionary, 1st ed, supplement [Link]; page 188
2 eMedicine vitiligo. [Link]; page 188
3 Link not available.; page 188
4 Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2003 Mar;59(3):165 The prevention of type 2 diabetes - lifestyle change or pharmacotherapy? A challenge for the 21st century. Simpson RW [Link]; page 189
5 A Weetman 2003 Autoimmune thyroid disease: propagation and progression Eur J Endo 148 1-9; page 189
6 S Jabbour 2003 Skin manifestations of endocrine disorders; guide for dermatologists. Jabbour SA. Cutaneous manifestations of endocrine disorders: a guide for dermatologists. Am J Clin Dermatol 2003; 4(5): 315–31; page 189
Diabetes mellitus: classification and diagnosis
7 E Gale 2003 Lancet 504 Is there really an epidemic of type 2 diabetes? [Link]; page 190
8 J R Soc Med 2003;96:328-332 2003 The Royal Society of Medicine; Hidden diabetes in the UK: use of capture–recapture methods to estimate total prevalence of diabetes mellitus in an urban population--Geoffrey V Gill MD, Aziz A Ismail PhD, Nicholas J Beeching; [Link]; page 190
9 Enalapril reduces the incidence of diabetes in patients with chronic heart failure: insight from the Studies Of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD). Circulation 2003 107 1291 [Link]; page 191
10; Drugs. 2002;62(10):1463 Metabolic and additional vascular effects of thiazolidinediones--Martens F[Link]; page 191
Treatment of diabetes mellitus
11 NICE 2003 recommendation [Link]; page 192
12; Postgrad Med. 2003 May;Spec No:63 Constructing an algorithm for managing type 2 diabetes. Focus on role of the thiazolidinediones--Wyne K [Link]; page 192
13 Bookmark not defined. Enalapril reduces the incidence of diabetes in patients with chronic heart failure: insight from the Studies Of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD). Circulation 2003 107 1291;[Link]; page 192
14 NICE 2003 recommendation [Link]; page 192
15 Drug Ther Bul 1994 32 51; page 192
16 Int J Clin Pract. 2003 Jul-Aug;57(6):535 Nateglinide (Starlix): update on a new antidiabetic agent--Phillips L [Link]; page 192
17 Drug Ther Bul 2003 41 52; page 192
18 Ann Pharmacother 2002 Jun;36:1019-27; page 193
19 Insulin glargine: a new basal insulin. Levien TL, Baker DE, White JR Jr, Campbell RK. [Link]; page 193
20 Lancet 1998 352 837–53; page 193
21 Royle P, Waugh N, McAuley L, McIntyre L, Thomas S. Inhaled insulin in diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;(3):CD003890. [Link]; page 193Helping people with established diabetes
22 The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. NEJM 1993 329 977 and UKPDS Lancet 1998 352.; page 194
23 Link not available.; page 194
24 Professor Jonathan D. Trobe [Link]; page 195
25 Professor Jonathan D. Trobe [Link]; page 195
26 Professor Jonathan D. Trobe [Link]; page 195
Diabetic neuropathy and diabetic foot care
27 J Wound Care. 2002 May;11(5):170 Hot sand burns on the sole of a patient with diabetes--Gaztelu Valdes V [Link]; page 196
28 Link not available; page 196
29 Update on diabetic neuropathy. AAuthors:- Simmons Z, Feldman EL. [Link]; page 196
30 Results of decompression of peripheral nerves in diabetics: a prospective, blinded study. Authors:- Aszmann OC, Kress KM, Dellon AL. [Link]; page 196
31 Rapidly evolving diabetic mononeuritis multiplex. Favorable outcome after immunosuppressive treatment]; authors:- Awada A, Dehoux E, al Jumah M, al Ayafi H [Link]; page 196
32 Diabetic amyotrophy: current concepts. Authors:- Sander HW, Chokroverty S. [Link]; page 196
33 Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for diabetic amyotrophy. Authors:- Ogawa T, Taguchi T, Tanaka Y, Ikeguchi K, Nakano I. [Link]; page 196
34 Gastroparesis and its management. Stanciu GO [Link]; page 196
35 Professor Jonathan D. Trobe [Link]; page 197
(footnote)Metabolic syndrome-a new world-wide definition. A Consensus Statement from the International Diabetes Federation. Author: Alberti KG, Zimmet P, Shaw J. Journal: Diabet Med; 2006 May; 23(5):469-80. PubMed ID: 16681555 [Link]; page 197
Hypoglycaemia
36 High-dose calcium stimulation test in a case of insulinoma masquerading as hysteria. Authors:- Nakamura Y, Doi R, Kohno Y, Shimono D, Kuwamura N, Inoue K, Koshiyama H, Imamura M. [Link]; page 199
Metabolic syndrome-a new world-wide definition. A Consensus Statement from the International Diabetes Federation. Author: Alberti KG, Zimmet P, Shaw J. Journal: Diabet Med; 2006 May; 23(5):469-80. PubMed ID: 16681555 [Link]; page 197
37 Br J Sports Med. 2003 Aug;37(4):356 Insulin as a drug of abuse in body building--Evans P [Link]; page 199
38 What preoperative assessment is necessary for insulinomas? Calculating the degree of waste: analysis of 29 cases. Authors:- Falconi M, Molinari E, Carbognin G, Zamboni G, Bassi C, Pederzoli P.[Link]; page 199
39 Pitfalls in the surgical treatment of insulinoma. Authors:- Richards ML, Gauger PG, Thompson NW, Kloos RG, Giordano TJ. [Link]; page 199
Thyroid function tests (TFTs)
40 Tunbridge WM, Vanderpump MP. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2000; 29: 239-53..; page 201
Thyrotoxicosis
41 J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Dec;87(12):5435 Thyroid acropachy: report of 40 patients treated at a single institution in a 26-year period--Fatourechi V [Link]; page 203
42 Autoimmune thyroid disease: propagation and progression. Weetman AP. [Link]; page 203
43 J Endocrinol Invest. 2002;25(10 Suppl):16 Toxic multinodular goiter in the elderly--Vitti P [Link]; page 203
44 Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2003 Feb;36(1):35--Multinodular goiter--Day T [Link]; page 203
45 J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 2000;38(3):333 Lithium: thyroid effects and altered renal handling--Oakley P[Link]; page 203
46 Br Med J. 1976 Feb 14;1(6006):372 Thyrotoxicosis induced by iodine contamination of food--a common unrecognised condition?--Stewart J [Link]; page 203
47 Thyroid. 1999 Feb;9(2):173 Severe thyrotoxicosis due to hyperfunctioning liver metastasis from follicular carcinoma: treatment with (131)I and interstitial laser ablation--Guglielmi R [Link]; page 203
48 Pol Arch Med Wewn. 2002 Oct;108(4):979 Reversible thyrotoxic cardiomyopathy--report of three cases Nowak M [Link]; page 203
49 Eckstein A, et al. Br J Opthalmol. 2003; 87: 773-6; no link available; page 203
Hypothyroidism (myxoedema)50 R Beauwens 1997 Lancet 349 1023; no link available; page 205
51 A Weetman 1997 bmj i 1175; no link available; page 205
52 R Lindsay 1997 Lancet 349 413 & 1023; page 206
53 Drug Ther Bul 1998 36 1 & Lancet 1997 349 413; page 206
54 Hoogendoorn EH, den Heijer M, van Dijk APJ, Hermus AR. Subclinical hyperthyroidism: to treat or not to treat? Postgrad Med J. 2004; 80: 394-8.; page 206
Parathyroid hormone and hyperparathyroidism
55 Am Fam Physician. 1998 Apr 15;57(8):1795-802, 1807 Hyperparathyroidism--Allerheiligen D [Link]; page 207
56 Minerva Med. 1989 Dec;80(12):1327 Primary hyperparathyroidism and peptic ulcer--Gasparoni P[Link]; page 207
57 Andersson P, Rydberg E, Willenheimer R. Primary hyperparathyroidism and heart disease - a review. European Heart Journal. 2004; 25: 1776-87.; page 207
58 Cohort study on effec`ts of parathyroid surgery on multiple outcomes...P Vestergaard 2003 BMJ; page 327 530 [Link]; page 207
59 Bilezikian JP, Silverberg SJ. Asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism. 2004; 350: 1746-51.; page 207
60 Inabnet WB. Intraoperative parathyroid hormone monitoring. World J Surg. 2004; 28: 1212-5. [Link]; page 207
61 Eur J Endocrinol 2003 Apr;148(4):413-21 Recurrence of hyperparathyroidism; a long-term follow-up after surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism. Hedback G [Link]; page 207
62 STK25 is a candidate gene for pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism. Davids MS, Crawford E, Weremowicz S, Morton CC, Copeland NG, Gilbert DJ, Jenkins NA, Phelan MC, Comb MJ, Melnick MB.[Link]; page 207
63 Annu Rev Physiol. 2000;62:377 Multiple endocrine neoplasias--Hoff A [Link]; page 208
64 J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2000 May;13(5):457 A concise genetic and clinical guide to multiple endocrine neoplasias and related syndromes. Stratakis C [Link]; page 208
65 J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Sep;86(9):4041 Clinical and molecular features of the Carney complex: diagnostic criteria and recommendations for patient evaluation. Stratakis CA, Kirschner LS, Carney J [Link]; page 208
66; J Intern Med. 2003 Jun;253(6):606 Functional studies of the MEN1 gene--Chandrasekharappa S[Link]; page 208
67; page P R Health Sci J. 1998 Dec;17(4):309 Clinical profile of 128 subjects operated for primary hyperparathyroidism--Haddock L [Link]; page 208
68 Eur J Endocrinol. 2001 Aug;145(2):155 Familial isolated primary hyperparathyroidism--a multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 variant?--Miedlich S [Link]; page 208
69; page Dermatol Clin. 1995 Jan;13(1):99 Multiple endocrine neoplasia 2B (MEN 2B)/MEN 3--Holloway K [Link]; page 208
70 Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN)--an overview and case report--patient with sporadic bilateral pheochromocytoma, hyperparathyroidism and marfanoid habitus--Fassbender W [Link]; page 208
71 Aust N Z J Ophthalmol. 1995 Nov;23(4):343 Multiple endocrine neoplasia type two B. A case report with light and electron microscopic and immunohistochemical correlation--Koh L [Link]; page 208
72 Pediatr Dev Pathol. 2001 Sep-Oct;4(5):446 RET(Men2B)-transgene produces sympathoadrenal tumors but does not prevent intestinal aganglionosis in gdnf-/- or gfr alpha-1(-/-) mice--Rajan I [Link]; page 208
73 Eisenbarth GS, Gottlieb PA. Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndromes. NEJM. 2004; 350: 2068-79.; page 208Adrenal cortex and Cushing’s syndrome
74 Etxabe J, Vazquez JA. Morbidity and mortality in Cushing’s disease: An epidemiological approach. Clin Endocrinol. 1994; 40: 479-84.; page 208
75 Diagnosis and complications of Cushing’s syndrome: a consensus statement. [Link]: J Clin Endocrinol Metab; 2003 Dec; 88(12):5593-602. PubMed ID: 14671138. [Link]; page 210
76 CRH test [Link]
Addison’s disease (adrenal insufficiency)
77 AACN Clin Issues Crit Care Nurs. 1992 May;3(2):319 Adrenocortical insufficiency: a medical emergency--Lee LM [Link]; page 211
78 CM Brosnan 1996 bmj i 1085 www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/312/7038/1085; page 211
79; page Leuk Lymphoma. 1997 Jan;24(3-4):363 Primary adrenal lymphoma associated with adrenal insufficiency: a distinct clinical entity--Pimentel M [Link]; page 211
80; page Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1991 Jul-Aug;9(4):407 SLE and acute Addisonian crisis due to bilateral adrenal hemorrhage: association with the antiphospholipid syndrome--Lenaerts J [Link]; page 211
81 Trop Geogr Med. 1988 Jul;40(3):241 Addison’s disease presenting with marked eosinophilia and psychosis--Malu A [Link]; page 211
82; page Am J Gastroenterol. 1989 Oct;84(10):1302 Gastrointestinal manifestations of Addison’s disease--Tobin M [Link]; page 211
83 Scand J Gastroenterol. 2003 May;38(5):511 High frequency of coeliac disease among patients with autoimmune adrenocortical failure--Myhre A [Link]; page 211
Hyperaldosteronism
84 Ann Surg. 1999 Jun;229(6):755 Clinical experience over 48 years with pheochromocytoma--Goldstein R [Link]; page 213
85 Elder E, et al. The management of benign and malignant pheochromocytoma and abdominal paraganglioma. EJSO 2003; 29: 278-283.; page 213
86 Ann Surg. 1999 Jun;229(6):755 Clinical experience over 48 years with pheochromocytoma--Goldstein R [Link]; page 213
87 Mulatero P, Dluhy RG, Giacchetti G, Boscaro M, Veglio F, Stewart PM. Diagnosis of primary aldosteronism: from screening to subtype differentiation.Trends Endocrinol Metab; 2005 Apr; 16(3):114-9.; page 214
Hirsutism, virilism, gynaecomastia and impotence/ED
88 Minimal time to successful intercourse after sildenafil citrate: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial H. Padma-Nathan [Link]; page 214
89 C McMahon 2006 BMJ 332 589. Treating erectile dysfunction when PDE% inhibitors fail. [Link]; page 215
90 W Sponsel 2000 nejm 342 1680 www.nejm.org/content/2000/0342/0022/1680.asp; page 215
91Erectile dysfunction: comparison of efficacy and side effects of the PDE-5 inhibitors sildenafil, vardenafil and tadalafil--review of the literature. Gresser U [Link]; page 215
92 H Herrmann 2000 nejm 342 1622 www.nejm.org/content/2000/0342/0022/1622.asp; page 216
Hypopituitarism
93 Single and combined effects of growth hormone and testosterone administration on measures of body composition, physical performance, mood, sexual function, bone turnover, and muscle gene expression in healthy older men. Brill KT [Link]; page 217
94 Establishment of reference values for standard dose short synacthen test (250 microgram), low dose short synacthen test (1 microgram) and insulin tolerance test for assessment of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in normal subjects. Gonzalbez J, Villabona C, Ramon J, Navarro MA, Gimenez O, Ricart W, Soler J. [Link]; page 217
95 Hurley DM, Ho KKY. Pituitary disease in adults. Med J Australia 2004; 180: 419-425.; page 217
96 2003 NICE [UK] advice From: [Link] To: C:\Program Files\Opera7\Download\TA64_HGHadults_fullguidance.pdf; page 218
97 Dattani M, Preece M. Growth hormone deficiency and related disorders. Lancet 2004; 363: 1977-87.; page 218
Pituitary tumours
98 The changing spectrum of TSH-secreting pituitary adenomas: diagnosis and management in 43 patients. Socin HV, Chanson P, Delemer B, Tabarin A, Rohmer V, Mockel J, Stevenaert A, Beckers A.[Link]; page 219
99 Leg Med (Tokyo). 2001 Sep;3(3):183 Sudden death due to pituitary apoplexy--Bauer M [Link]; page 219
Hyperprolactinaemia
100 Schlechte JA. Prolactinoma. NEJM 2003; 349: 2035-41.; page 221
Acromegaly
101 Consensus Statement. Biochemical assessment and long-term monitoring in patients with acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 3099-102.; page 223
102 Clayton RN, Stewart PM, Shalet SM, Wass JAH. Pituitary surgery for acromegaly. BMJ 1999; 319: 588-9.; page 223
Diabetes insipidus
103 Korsakoff’s psychosis due to massive beer intake provoked by diabetes insipidus. Author: Farr RW, Blankenship DC, Viti A, Albrink MJ. Journal: South Med J; 1988 May; 81(5):677-8. PubMed ID: 3368823 [Link]; page 225
104 Organic mood disorder, manic type, associated with hyponatremia: a case report. Author: Baar JM. Journal: Int J Psychiatry Med; 1994; 24(3):223-8. PubMed ID: 7890480. [Link]; page 225
105 Hyperosmolar nonketotic coma precipitated by lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Author: Azam H, Newton RW, Morris AD, Thompson CJ. Journal: Postgrad Med J; 1998 Jan; 74(867):39-41. PubMed ID: 9538487. [Link]; page 225
106 Glen J. Weiss: Non-Psychogenic Polydipsia With Hyponatremia: The Internet Journal of Nephrology. 2005; Volume 2, Number 1. [Link]; page 225
(footnote)Glen J. Weiss: Non-Psychogenic Polydipsia With Hyponatremia: The Internet Journal of Nephrology. 2005; Volume 2, Number 1. [Link]; page 225
(footnote)The syndrome of psychosis, intermittent hyponatremia, and polydipsia: evidence for diurnal volume expansion. Author: Vieweg WV, Carey RM, Godleski LS, Tisdelle DA, Pruzinsky T, Yank GR. Journal: Psychiatr Med; 1990; 8(4):135-44. PubMed ID: 2150890. [Link]; page 225
Chapter 07: Gastroenterology
Gastroenterology
1 Wintering, Sylvia Plath, and Ariel: A Factual Chronology; [Link]; page 227
Healthy, enjoyable eating
2 Nutr J. 2003 May 8;2(1):2. Epub 2003 Consumption of fruits and vegetables in relation to the risk of developing acute coronary syndromes; the CARDIO2000 case-control study--Panagiotakos D; see also[Link] [Link]; page 228
3 Dark chocolate boosts antioxidant levels--New Scientist 2003 and Journal reference: Nature (vol 424, p 1013) [Link]; page 228
4 A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet for obesity [Link] .; page 228
5 A low-carbohydrate as compared with a low-fat diet in severe obesity. [Link]; page 228
6 Mortality in vegetarians and non-vegetarians: a collaborative analysis of 8300 deaths among 76,000 men and women in five prospective studies. Author: Key TJ, Fraser GE, Thorogood M, Appleby PN, Beral V, Reeves G, Burr ML, Chang-Claude J, Frentzel-Beyme R, Kuzma JW, Mann J, McPherson K. Journal: Public Health Nutr; 1998 Mar; 1(1):33-41. PubMed ID: 10555529.; page [Link]; page 228
7 Mortality in British vegetarians. Author: Appleby PN, Key TJ, Thorogood M, Burr ML, Mann J. Journal: Public Health Nutr; 2002 Feb; 5(1):29-36. PubMed ID: 12001975.; [Link]; page 228
8 [Link] Prevalence of obesity in Great Britain. Author: Rennie KL, Jebb SA. Journal: Obes Rev; 2005 Feb; 6(1):11-2. PubMed ID: 15655034.; page 228
9 Effects of comprehensive lifestyle modification on blood pressure control: main results of the PREMIER clinical trial. [Link]; page 228
10 Omega 3 fatty acids for prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. Author: Hooper L, Thompson RL, Harrison RA, Summerbell CD, Moore H, Worthington HV, Durrington PN, Ness AR, Capps NE, Davey Smith G, Riemersma RA, Ebrahim SB. Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2004; (4):CD003177. PubMed ID: 15495044. [Link]; page 228
11 Alcohol consumption, serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration, and risk of ischaemic heart disease: six year follow up in the Copenhagen male study. Author: Hein HO, Suadicani P, Gyntelberg F. Journal: BMJ; 1996 Mar 23; 312(7033):736-41. PubMed ID: 8605458. [Link]; page 228
12 The DASH diet enhances the blood pressure response to losartan in hypertensive patients. Author: Conlin PR, Erlinger TP, Bohannon A, Miller ER, Appel LJ, Svetkey LP, Moore TJ. Journal: Am J Hypertens; 2003 May; 16(5 Pt 1):337-42. PubMed ID: 12745193. [Link]; page 228
13; page US Department of Health and Human Services recommendation [Link]; page 229
14; page Lifelong vegetarianism and risk of breast cancer: a population-based case-control study among South Asian migrant women living in England. Author: Dos Santos Silva I, Mangtani P, McCormack V, Bhakta D, Sevak L, McMichael AJ. Journal: Int J Cancer; 2002 May 10; 99(2):238-44. PubMed ID: 11979439. [Link]; page 229
15 Overweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of U.S. adults. Author: Calle EE, Rodriguez C, Walker-Thurmond K, Thun MJ. Journal: N Engl J Med; 2003 Apr 24; 348(17):1625-38. PubMed ID: 12711737. [Link]; page 229
16 Dieting to reduce body weight for controlling hypertension in adults. Author: Mulrow CD, Chiquette E, Angel L, Cornell J, Summerbell C, Anagnostelis B, Grimm R, Brand MB. Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2000; (2):CD000484. PubMed ID: 10796721. [Link]; page 229
17 Obesity and systemic oxidative stress: clinical correlates of oxidative stress in the Framingham Study. Author: Keaney JF, Larson MG, Vasan RS, Wilson PW, Lipinska I, Corey D, Massaro JM, Sutherland P, Vita JA, Benjamin EJ, Framingham Study . Journal: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol; 2003 Mar 1; 23(3):434-9. PubMed ID: 12615693.; page [Link]; page 229
18 Psychological interventions for overweight or obesity. Author: Shaw K, O’Rourke P, Del Mar C, Kenardy J. Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2005; (2):CD003818. PubMed ID: 15846683. [Link]; page 229
19 Long-term pharmacotherapy for obesity and overweight. Author: Padwal R, Li SK, Lau DC. Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2004; (3):CD004094. PubMed ID: 15266516. [Link]; page 229
20 See ABC of Oral Health. Clinical review series; BMJ; 2000. Eg Swellings and red, white, and pigmented lesions. PubMed ID: 10903660 [Link]; page 230
21 Oral signs and symptoms in relation to disease activity and site of involvement in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Author: Katz J, Shenkman A, Stavropoulos F, Melzer E. Journal: Oral Dis; 2003 Jan; 9(1):34-40. PubMed ID: 12617256. [Link]; page 230
(footnote) Areca nut use: an independent risk factor for oral cancer. Warnakulasuriya S, Trivedy C, Peters TJ. [Link]; page 230
22 For an exposition on microstomia see: [Link]; page 231
Dysphagia
23 Treatment of patients with achalasia with botulinum toxin: a multicenter prospective cohort study. Author: Martk J, Sirok“ M, Plottov“, Bures J, Hep A, Spic“J. Journal: Dis Esophagus; 2003; 16(3):204-9. PubMed ID: 14641310. [Link]; page 232
24 Gastro-oesophageal reflux: the disease of the millennium--Navaratnam R [Link]; page 232
(footnote) Effect of different swallow time intervals on the nutcracker esophagus. Author: Brito EM, Camacho-Lobato L, Paoletti V, Gideon M, Katz PO, Castell DO. Journal: Am J Gastroenterol; 2003 Jan; 98(1):40-5. PubMed ID: 12526934. [Link]; page 232
(footnote) Effect of sildenafil on oesophageal motor function in healthy subjects and patients with oesophageal motor disorders. Author: Eherer AJ, Schwetz I, Hammer HF, Petnehazy T, Scheidl SJ, Weber K, Krejs GJ. Journal: Gut; 2002 Jun; 50(6):758-64. PubMed ID: 12010875 [Link]; page 232
25 Comparative study of the antiemetic efficacy of ondansetron, propofol and midazolam in the early postoperative period. Author: Unlugenc H, Guler T, Gunes Y, Isik G. Journal: Eur J Anaesthesiol; 2004 Jan; 21(1):60-5. PubMed ID: 14768925. [Link]; page 233
Dyspepsia (indigestion) and peptic ulcer disease (PUD)26 Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(2):CD001961. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(3):CD001961. Initial management strategies for dyspepsia--DelaMney B [Link]; page 234
27 Merec Bulletin 2006 vol 16 No 3, pages 9-12 [Link]; page 234
28 Eradication of Helicobacter pylori for non-ulcer dyspepsia. Author: Moayyedi P, Soo S, Deeks J, Delaney B, Harris A, Innes M, Oakes R, Wilson S, Roalfe A, Bennett C, Forman D. Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2005; (1):CD002096. PubMed ID: 15674892. [Link]; page 234
Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD)
29; Minor diffuse changes such as erythema, oedema and friability are not included, and the term mucosal break is introduced to encompass the old terms erosion and ulceration. [Link]; page 236
29 Absence of benefit of eradicating Helicobacter pylori in patients with nonulcer dyspepsia. Talley NJ,[Link]; page 235
30 Medical treatments for the maintenance therapy of reflux oesophagitis and endoscopic negative reflux disease. Author: Donnellan C, Sharma N, Preston C, Moayyedi P. Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2005; (2):CD003245. PubMed ID: 15846653. [Link]; page 236
31 Surg Endosc. 2003 Jun;17(6):880-5. Epub 2003 Mar 07 Laparoscopic antireflux surgery: disease-related quality of life assessment before and after surgery in GERD patients with and without Barrett’s esophagus--Kamolz T [Link]; page 236
32; page Minor diffuse changes such as erythema, oedema and friability are not included, and the term mucosal break is introduced to encompass the old terms erosion and ulceration. [Link]; page 237Diarrhoea
33 No link available; page 238
34 Dis Colon Rectum. 1995 May;38(5):545 Ulcerative colitis: rectal dilations in a patient with refractory diarrhea. Report of a case--Frieri G [Link]; page 238
35; The 13C-Hiolein breath test (98% [U-13C] labelled long chain triglyceride mixture (highly labelled triolein) was evaluated as a non-invasive, non-radioactive test for exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. Accuracy and clinical validity were good [Link]; page 238
36 First-line treatment in acute non-dysenteric diarrhoea: clinical comparison of loperamide oxide, loperamide and placebo. UK Janssen Research Group of General Practitioners. Author: Hughes IW. Journal: Br J Clin Pract; 1995 Jul-Aug; 49(4):181-5. PubMed ID: 7547157. [Link]; page 238
(footnote) Fatal pseudomembranous colitis associated with a variant clostridium difficile strain not detected by toxin A immunoassay. Author: Johnson S, Kent SA, O’Leary KJ, Merrigan MM, Sambol SP, Peterson LR, Gerding DN. Journal: Ann Intern Med; 2001 Sep 18; 135(6):434-8. PubMed ID: 11560456. [Link]; page 239
Constipation
37 Prof M Kamm 2003 BMJ 327 459 Constipation and its management; page Options go beyond laxatives and include behavioural treatment as well as new drugs [Link]; page 240
38 Prof M Kamm 2003 BMJ 327 459 Constipation and its management; page Options go beyond laxatives and include behavioural treatment as well as new drugs [Link]; page 240
39 Nahrung 2002 Apr;46(2):96-9 Sorption of copper, zinc and cobalt by oat and oat products. Gorecka D [Link]; page 240
40 New and emerging treatment options for chronic constipation. [Link]; page 240
Jaundice (footnote) Myths and misconceptions about chronic constipation. Author: M“ller-Lissner SA, Kamm MA, Scarpignato C, Wald A. Journal: Am J Gastroenterol; 2005 Jan; 100(1):232-42. PubMed ID: 15654804.[Link]; page 240
41 Predictive factors for remission and death in 73 patients with autoimmune hepatitis in Japan. Author: Hino T, Kumashiro R, Ide T, Koga Y, Ishii K, Tanaka E, Morita Y, Hisamochi A, Murashima S, Tanaka K, Ogata K, Kuwahara R, Sata M, Autoimmune Hepatitis Study Group . Journal: Int J Mol Med; 2003 Jun; 11(6):749-55. PubMed ID: 12736717. [Link]; page 242
42 Photograph reproduced with kind permission of Ian Herriot [Link]; page 243
43 No link available
44 Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding: 1[Link]; page 244
45 National survey of UK emergency endoscopy units. Douglass A, Bramble MG, Barrison I. BMJ; 2005 Apr 30; 330(7498):1000-1. PubMed ID: 15764625 [Link]; page 244
46 Meta-analysis: proton-pump inhibition in high-risk patients with acute peptic ulcer bleeding. Author: Bardou M, Toubouti Y, Benhaberou-Brun D, Rahme E, Barkun AN. Journal: Aliment Pharmacol Ther; 2005 Mar 15; 21(6):677-86. PubMed ID: 15771753. Abstract [Link]; page 244
47 Prospective validation of the Rockall risk scoring system for upper GI hemorrhage in subgroups of patients with varices and peptic ulcers. Author: Sanders DS, Carter MJ, Goodchap RJ, Cross SS, Gleeson DC, Lobo AJ. Journal: Am J Gastroenterol; 2002 Mar; 97(3):630-5. PubMed ID: 11922558.[Link]; page 245
48; page Endoscopy 2003 Jan;35(1):22 Ulcers and nonvariceal bleeding. Church N [Link]; page 245
Upper GI bleeding: 2 and bleeding varices
49 Endoscopic Treatment of Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding. Journal: Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol; 2005 Apr; 8(2):153-162. PubMed ID: 15769437. [Link]; page 246
50 Variceal Bleeding. Journal: Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol; 2002 Dec; 5(6):471-477. PubMed ID: 12408784. [Link]; page 246
51 Semin Gastrointest Dis 2003 Jan;14(1):34-8 The critically ill liver patient: the variceal bleeder. Arguedas MR [Link]; page 246
52 Randomized study comparing banding and propranolol to prevent initial variceal hemorrhage in cirrhotics with high-risk esophageal varices. Author: Jutabha R, Jensen DM, Martin P, Savides T, Han SH, Gornbein J. Journal: Gastroenterology; 2005 Apr; 128(4):870-81. PubMed ID: 15825071. [Link]; page 246
53 Emergency sclerotherapy versus medical interventions for bleeding oesophageal varices in cirrhotic patients. Author: D’Amico G, Pietrosi G, Tarantino I, Pagliaro L. Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2002; (1):CD002233. PubMed ID: 11869632. [Link]; page 246
54 Combination endoscopic band ligation and sclerotherapy compared with endoscopic band ligation alone for the secondary prophylaxis of esophageal variceal hemorrhage: a meta-analysis. Author: Karsan HA, Morton SC, Shekelle PG, Spiegel BM, Suttorp MJ, Edelstein MA, Gralnek IM. Journal: Dig Dis Sci; 2005 Feb; 50(2):399-406. PubMed ID: 15745108. [Link]; page 246
55 Terlipressin for acute esophageal variceal hemorrhage. Author: Ioannou G, Doust J, Rockey DC. Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2003; (1):CD002147. PubMed ID: 12535432. [Link]; page 246
56 Somatostatin analogues for acute bleeding oesophageal varices. [Link]; page 246
(footnote) Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. Author: Ochs A. Journal: Dig Dis; 2005; 23(1):56-64. PubMed ID: 15920326. [Link]; page 246
57 Does cooling Sengstaken-Blakemore tubes aid insertion? An evidence based approach. Author: Dearden JC, Hellawell GO, Pilling J, Besherdas K, Van Someren N. Journal: Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol; 2004 Nov; 16(11):1229-32. PubMed ID: 15489586 [Link]; page 247Endoscopy and biopsy
58 M Norman Ann Clin Biochem 1997 34 230; page 248
59 A Shah Am J Hum Gen 1997 61 317; page 248
60 Capsule endoscopy: practical applications. Author: Melmed GY, Lo SK. Journal: Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol; 2005 May; 3(5):411-22. PubMed ID: 15880309. [Link]; page 248
Liver failure
61 Methods for diagnosing hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis: a multidimensional approach. Author: Montagnese S, Amodio P, Morgan MY. Journal: Metab Brain Dis; 2004 Dec; 19(3-4):281-312. PubMed ID: 15554423. [Link]; page 250
62 Acetylcysteine treatment for non-acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure. Author: Sklar GE, Subramaniam M. Journal: Ann Pharmacother; 2004 Mar; 38(3):498-500. PubMed ID: 14742832. [Link]; page 250
63 Effects of prolonged oral nutritional support in malnourished cirrhotic patients: results of a pilot study. Author: Cunha L, Happi Nono M, Guibert AL, Nidegger D, Beau P, Beauchant M. Journal: Gastroenterol Clin Biol; 2004 Jan; 28(1):36-9. PubMed ID: 15041808. [Link]; page 250
64 Seizures in alcohol-dependent patients: epidemiology, pathophysiology and management. Author: Hillbom M, Pieninkeroinen I, Leone M. Journal: CNS Drugs; 2003; 17(14):1013-30. PubMed ID: 14594442. [Link]; page 250
65 The molecular pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy. Author: Jalan R, Shawcross D, Davies N. Journal: Int J Biochem Cell Biol; 2003 Aug; 35(8):1175-81. PubMed ID: 12757755. [Link]; page 251
66 Circulatory function and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis. Journal: Hepatology; 2005 Jun 23; 42(2):439-447. PubMed ID: 15977202. [Link]; page 251
67 Beyond hepatorenal syndrome: glomerulonephritis in patients with liver disease. Author: Lhotta K. Journal: Semin Nephrol; 2002 Jul; 22(4):302-8. PubMed ID: 12118395. [Link]; page 251
67 Hepatorenal syndrome. Author: Guevara M, Gin” P. Journal: Dig Dis; 2005; 23(1):47-55. PubMed ID: 15920325. [Link]; page 251
Cirrhosis (footnote) Survival following liver transplantation from non-heart-beating donors. Author: Abt PL, Desai NM, Crawford MD, Forman LM, Markmann JW, Olthoff KM, Markmann JF. Journal: Ann Surg; 2004 Jan; 239(1):87-92. PubMed ID: 14685105. [Link]; page 251
68 Nail images [Link]; page 252
69 No link available; page 252
70 Viral-induced cirrhosis: grading of severity using MR imaging. Author: Ito K, Mitchell DG, Hann HW, Kim Y, Fujita T, Okazaki H, Honjo K, Matsunaga N. Journal: AJR Am J Roentgenol; 1999 Sep; 173(3):591-6. PubMed ID: 10470885. [Link]; page 252
71 [Early diagnosis and improved survival with screening for hepatocellular carcinoma] Author: Youk CM, Choi MS, Paik SW, Ahn BH, Lee JH, Koh KC, Yoo BC, Rhee JC. Journal: Taehan Kan Hakhoe Chi; 2003 Jun; 9(2):116-23. PubMed ID: 12824751. [Link]; page 252
72 No link available; page 252
73 Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in patients with hepatic cirrhosis: evaluation of a treatment protocol at specialized units. Author: Dinis-Ribeiro M, Cortez-Pinto H, Marinho R, Valente A, Raimundo M, Salgado MJ, Ramalho F, Alexandrino P, Carneiro-de-Moura M. Journal: Rev Esp Enferm Dig; 2002 Aug; 94(8):473-81. PubMed ID: 12486852. [Link]; page 252
74 No link available; page 252
75 The authors would like to thank Kang Yong Chiang, Singapore, Harish Menon, UK, and Shum Yong Shun, Malaysia, for pointing out the correction to the albumin values from the last edition. [Link]; page 253
76 Beyond hepatorenal syndrome: glomerulonephritis in patients with liver disease. [Link]; page 253
(footnote) Simple blood tests can predict compensated liver cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Author: Luo JC, Hwang SJ, Chang FY, Chu CW, Lai CR, Wang YJ, Lee PC, Tsay SH, Lee SD. Journal: Hepatogastroenterology; 2002 Mar-Apr; 49(44):478-81. PubMed ID: 11995477. [Link]; page 253Hereditary haemachromotosis (HH)
77 Calculation and interpretation of the hepatic iron index: A brief summary--Michael Torbenson, M.D., Michael Nalesnik, M.D. and Robert Bourne [Link]; page 254
78 Osteoporosis in hemochromatosis: iron excess, gonadal deficiency, or other factors? Author: Diamond T, Stiel D, Posen S. Journal: Ann Intern Med; 1989 Mar 15; 110(6):430-6. PubMed ID: 2919850. [Link]; page 254
79 Mineralocorticoid status and endocrine dysfunction in severe hemochromatosis. Author: Hempenius LM, Van Dam PS, Marx JJ, Koppeschaar HP. Journal: J Endocrinol Invest; 1999 May; 22(5):369-76. PubMed ID: 10401711. [Link]; page 254
80 Assessment of hepatic iron content using magnetic resonance imaging. Author: Li TQ, Aisen AM, Hindmarsh T. Journal: Acta Radiol; 2004 Apr; 45(2):119-29. PubMed ID: 15191093. [Link]; page 254
81 No link available
82 Primary liver cancer and survival in patients undergoing liver transplantation for hemochromatosis. Author: Kowdley KV, Hassanein T, Kaur S, Farrell FJ, Van Thiel DH, Keeffe EB, Sorrell MF, Bacon BR, Weber FL, Tavill AS. Journal: Liver Transpl Surg; 1995 Jul; 1(4):237-41. PubMed ID: 9346573. [Link]; page 254
83 Prognostic factors for hepatocellular carcinoma in genetic hemochromatosis. Author: Fargion S, Fracanzani AL, Piperno A, Braga M, D’Alba R, Ronchi G, Fiorelli G. Journal: Hepatology; 1994 Dec; 20(6):1426-31. PubMed ID: 7982640. [Link]; page 254
84 [Successful treatment using iron depletion phlebotomy combined with recombinant erythropoietin after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for myelodysplastic syndrome complicated by secondary hemochromatosis] Author: Shinjo K, Takeshita A, Naito K, Ohnishi K, Hirabayashi N, Ohno R. Journal: Rinsho Ketsueki; 2001 Jul; 42(7):571-4. PubMed ID: 11524849. [Link]; page 254
(footnote) Hepatic iron overload: direct HFE (HLA-H) mutation analysis vs quantitative iron assays for the diagnosis of hereditary hemochromatosis. Author: Press RD, Flora K, Gross C, Rabkin JM, Corless CL. Journal: Am J Clin Pathol; 1998 May; 109(5):577-84. PubMed ID: 9576576. [Link]; page 254
(footnote) [Link]; page 254
(footnote) Utility of hepatic iron index in American patients with hereditary hemochromatosis: a multicenter study. Author: Kowdley KV, Trainer TD, Saltzman JR, Pedrosa M, Krawitt EL, Knox TA, Susskind K, Pratt D, Bonkovsky HL, Grace ND, Kaplan MM. Journal: Gastroenterology; 1997 Oct; 113(4):1270-7. PubMed ID: 9322522. [Link]; page 254
85 No link available
86 Milestones in transplantation [Link]; page 255
87; page Int J Colorectal Dis. 2002 Nov;17(6):402 Improvement in irritable bowel syndrome following ano-rectal surgery--Palmer BV [Link]; page 255
88 Graft-versus-host disease following living donor liver transplantation. Author: Soejima Y, Shimada M, Suehiro T, Hiroshige S, Gondo H, Takami A, Yasue S, Maehara Y. Journal: Liver Transpl; 2004 Mar; 10(3):460-4. PubMed ID: 15004778. [Link]; page 255
89 Pretransplant renal dysfunction predicts poorer outcome in liver transplantation. Author: Lafayette RA, Par”, Schmid CH, King AJ, Rohrer RJ, Nasraway SA. Journal: Clin Nephrol; 1997 Sep; 48(3):159-64. PubMed ID: 9342487. [Link]; page 255
(footnote) Impact of MELD on short-term and long-term outcome following liver transplantation: a European perspective. Author: Nagler E, Vlierberghe HV, Colle I, Troisi R, Hemptinne B. Journal: Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol; 2005 Aug; 17(8):849-56. PubMed ID: 16003135. [Link]; page 255
Alpha
1- antitrypsin deficiency
90 No link available
91 Predictors of mortality in alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency. Author: Dawkins PA, Dowson LJ, Guest PJ, Stockley RA. Journal: Thorax; 2003 Dec; 58(12):1020-6. PubMed ID: 14645964. [Link]; page 256
92 Factors associated with advanced liver disease in adults with alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency. Author: Bowlus CL, Willner I, Zern MA, Reuben A, Chen P, Holladay B, Xie L, Woolson RF, Strange C. Journal: Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol; 2005 Apr; 3(4):390-6. PubMed ID: 15822045. [Link]; page 256
(footnote) Tailored pharmacokinetic dosing allows self-administration and reduces the cost of IV augmentation therapy with human alpha(1)-antitrypsin. Author: Piitulainen E, Bernsp” E, Bj“rkman S, Berntorp E. Journal: Eur J Clin Pharmacol; 2003 Jun; 59(2):151-6. PubMed ID: 12728289. [Link]; page 256
93 [Wilson’s disease: a clinical case is presented with neuropsychiatric dominant form and probable physiopathology interpretation with magnetic resonance of the brain] Author: Casta“eda-Reyna MA, Ubilluz R, Avalos C, Escalante D. Journal: Rev Neurol; 2002 Apr 16-30; 34(8):745-50. PubMed ID: 12080495. [Link]; page 257
94 Prognostic factors in patients presenting with severe neurological forms of Wilson’s disease. Author: Prashanth LK, Taly AB, Sinha S, Ravishankar S, Arunodaya GR, Vasudev MK, Swamy HS. Journal: QJM; 2005 Aug; 98(8):557-63. PubMed ID: 16006499. [Link]; page 257
Primary billary cirrhosis (PBC)
95 Ursodeoxycholic acid for primary biliary cirrhosis. Author: Gluud C, Christensen E. Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2002; (1):CD000551. PubMed ID: 11869580. [Link]; page 258
96 No link available; page 258
97 Sclerosing cholangitis. Author: MacFaul GR, Chapman RW. Journal: Curr Opin Gastroenterol; 2004 May; 20(3):275-80. PubMed ID: 15703653. [Link]; page 258
98 Bile acids for primary sclerosing cholangitis. Author: Chen W, Gluud C. Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2003; (2):CD003626. PubMed ID: 12804480. [Link]; page 259
99 No link available; page 259
(footnote) PSC-IBD: a unique form of inflammatory bowel disease associated with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Author: Loftus EV, Harewood GC, Loftus CG, Tremaine WJ, Harmsen WS, Zinsmeister AR, Jewell DA, Sandborn WJ. Journal: Gut; 2005 Jan; 54(1):91-6. PubMed ID: 15591511. [Link]; page 259
(footnote) The hepatitic/cholestatic; page 259
Autoimmune hepatitis
100 Overlap syndromes of autoimmune hepatitis: what is known so far. Author: Durazzo M, Premoli A, Fagoonee S, Pellicano R. Journal: Dig Dis Sci; 2003 Mar; 48(3):423-30. PubMed ID: 12757152. [Link]; page 260
101 Treatment of autoimmune hepatitis. Author: Czaja AJ. Journal: Semin Liver Dis; 2002 Nov; 22(4):365-78. PubMed ID: 12447708. [Link]; page 260
102 Review article: immunopathogenetic and therapeutic aspects of autoimmune hepatitis. Author: Medina J, GarcBuey L, Moreno-Otero R. Journal: Aliment Pharmacol Ther; 2003 Jan; 17(1):1-16. PubMed ID: 12492728. [Link]; page 260
103 Autoimmune hepatitis: effect of symptoms and cirrhosis on natural history and outcome. Author: Feld JJ, Dinh H, Arenovich T, Marcus VA, Wanless IR, Heathcote EJ. Journal: Hepatology; 2005 Jul; 42(1):53-62. PubMed ID: 15954109. [Link]; page 260
(footnote) Autoimmune Hepatitis: Revised Scoring System (1999) [Link]; page 260
(footnote) Possible pathomechanism of autoimmune hepatitis. Author: Prandota J. Journal: Am J Ther; 2003 Jan-Feb; 10(1):51-7. PubMed ID: 12522521. [Link]; page 260
104 Smooth muscle antibodies and type 1 autoimmune hepatitis. Author: Muratori P, Muratori L, Agostinelli D, Pappas G, Veronesi L, Granito A, Cassani F, Terlizzi P, Lenzi M, Bianchi FB. Journal: Autoimmunity; 2002 Dec; 35(8):497-500. PubMed ID: 12765475. [Link]; page 261Liver tumours
105 No link available; page 262
106 Current techniques and results of liver resection for colorectal liver metastases. Author: Hamady ZZ, Kotru A, Nishio H, Lodge JP. Journal: Br Med Bull; 2004; 70():87-104. PubMed ID: 15509717. [Link]; page 262
107 Local/regional and systemic treatments of hepatocellular carcinoma. Author: Beaugrand M, N’kontchou G, Seror O, Ganne N, Trinchet JC. Journal: Semin Liver Dis; 2005; 25(2):201-11. PubMed ID: 15918148. [Link]; page 262
108 Synergistic interaction between aflatoxin B
1 and hepatitis B virus in hepatocarcinogenesis. Author: Kew MC. Journal: Liver Int; 2003 Dec; 23(6):405-9. PubMed ID: 14986813. [Link]; page 262
109 Issues in screening and surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma. Author: Di Bisceglie AM. Journal: Gastroenterology; 2004 Nov; 127(5 Suppl 1):S104-7. PubMed ID: 15508072. [Link]; page 262
110 No link available; page 262
111 Liver fluke infection and cholangiocarcinoma: model of endogenous nitric oxide and extragastric nitrosation in human carcinogenesis. Author: Haswell-Elkins MR, Satarug S, Tsuda M, Mairiang E, Esumi H, Sithithaworn P, Mairiang P, Saitoh M, Yongvanit P, Elkins DB. Journal: Mutat Res; 1994 Mar 1; 305(2):241-52. PubMed ID: 7510035. Abstract [Link]; page 262
112 Diagnosis and surgical treatment of primary hepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Author: Han SL, Zhu GB, Yao JG, Lan SH, Shao YF. Journal: Hepatogastroenterology; 2005 Mar-Apr; 52(62):348-51. PubMed ID: 15816432. [Link]; page 262
113 Outcome after resection of central cholangiocarcinoma: preliminary experience with 46 patients in a single center. Author: Wahab MA, Sultan A, Elgwalby N, Fathy O, Abo zied M, Aboelenen A, Fouad A, Abd alla T, Kandel T, Elshobary M, Elfiky A, el Ebidby G, Gad el Hak NG, Ezzat F. Journal: Hepatogastroenterology; 2003 Mar-Apr; 50(50):337-41. PubMed ID: 12749216. Abstract [Link]; page 262
(footnote) Hepatitis B viremia is associated with increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic carriers. Author: Tang B, Kruger WD, Chen G, Shen F, Lin WY, Mboup S, London WT, Evans AA. Journal: J Med Virol; 2004 Jan; 72(1):35-40. PubMed ID: 14635008. [Link]; page 262
114 The United Kingdom’s hepatitis B immunisation strategy--where now? Author: Goldberg D, McMenamin J. Journal: Commun Dis Public Health; 1998 Jun; 1(2):79-83. PubMed ID: 9644118. [Link]; page 263
Ulcerative colitis (UC)115 [Secondary amyloidosis in ulcerative colitis--successful treatment with colchicine] Author: Menges M, Steffen HM. Journal: Z Gastroenterol; 1996 Nov; 34(11):753-6. PubMed ID: 9045537. [Link]; page 264
116 Venous thromboembolism in inflammatory bowel disease. Author: Solem CA, Loftus EV, Tremaine WJ, Sandborn WJ. Journal: Am J Gastroenterol; 2004 Jan; 99(1):97-101. PubMed ID: 14687149. [Link]; page 264
117No link available; page 264
118 Cost-effectiveness of colorectal cancer surveillance in ulcerative colitis. Author: Inadomi JM. Journal: Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl; 2003; (237):17-21. PubMed ID: 12797675. [Link]; page 264
118 Strategies for detecting colon cancer and/or dysplasia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Author: Mpofu C, Watson AJ, Rhodes JM. Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2004; (2):CD000279. PubMed ID: 15106148. [Link]; page 264
119 No link available; page 264
(footnote) Afa/Dr diffusely adhering Escherichia coli infection in T
84 cell monolayers induces increased neutrophil transepithelial migration, which in turn promotes cytokine-dependent upregulation of decay-accelerating factor (CD55), the receptor for Afa/Dr adhesins. Author: B“s F, Brest P, Hofman V, Guignot J, Kansau I, Rossi B, Servin A, Hofman P. Journal: Infect Immun; 2003 Apr; 71(4):1774-83. PubMed ID: 12654791. [Link]; page 264
[Link]; page 265
120 Rectal aminosalicylate therapy for distal ulcerative colitis: a meta-analysis. Author: Marshall JK, Irvine EJ. Journal: Aliment Pharmacol Ther; 1995 Jun; 9(3):293-300. PubMed ID: 7654892. 121 Ileocecal valve-preserving ileostomy after total proctocolectomy--a novel technique for ileostomy. Author: Nio Y, Itakura M, Yamaguchi K, Hirahara N. Journal: Dig Surg; 2004; 21(1):7-9. PubMed ID: 14639037.[Link]; page 265
122 The diagnosis and treatment of pouchitis in inflammatory bowel disease. Author: Cheifetz A, Itzkowitz S. Journal: J Clin Gastroenterol; 2004 May-Jun; 38(5 Suppl):S44-50. PubMed ID: 15115932.[Link]; page 265
123 Cyclosporine A for induction of remission in severe ulcerative colitis. Author: Shibolet O, Regushevskaya E, Brezis M, Soares-Weiser K. Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2005; (1):CD004277. PubMed ID: 15674937. [Link]; page 265
124 Infliximab as rescue therapy in severe to moderately severe ulcerative colitis: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Author: J“erot G, Hertervig E, Friis-Liby I, Blomquist L, Karl”P, Gr“” C, Vilien M, Str“m M, Danielsson A, Verbaan H, Hellstr“m PM, Magnuson A, Curman B. Journal: Gastroenterology; 2005 Jun; 128(7):1805-11. PubMed ID: 15940615. [Link]; page 265
125 Transdermal nicotine for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis. Author: McGrath J, McDonald JW, Macdonald JK. Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2004; (4):CD004722. PubMed ID: 15495126. [Link]; page 265
126 No link available; page 265
127; page Oral 5-aminosalicylic acid for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis. Author: Sutherland L, MacDonald JK. Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2003; (3):CD000543. PubMed ID: 12917894.[Link]; page 265
128 Pathology of indeterminate colitis. Author: Odze RD. Journal: J Clin Gastroenterol; 2004 May-Jun; 38(5 Suppl):S36-40. PubMed ID: 15115930. [Link]; page 265
(footnote) Budesonide versus prednisolone retention enemas in active distal ulcerative colitis. Author: L“fberg R, Ostergaard Thomsen O, Langholz E, Schi“ler R, Danielsson A, Suhr O, Graffner H, P”man L, Matzen P, M“ller-Petersen JF. Journal: Aliment Pharmacol Ther; 1994 Dec; 8(6):623-9. PubMed ID: 7696452. [Link]; page 264
Crohn’s disease
129 Perianal Crohn’s disease and infliximab therapy. Author: McNamara DA, Brophy S, Hyland JM. Journal: Surgeon; 2004 Oct; 2(5):258-63. PubMed ID: 15570844. [Link]; page 266
(footnote) Biocompatibility of micro- and nano-particles in the colon. Part II. Author: Gatti AM. Journal: Biomaterials; 2004 Feb; 25(3):385-92. PubMed ID: 14585686. [Link]; page 266
(footnote) Card
15 gene overexpression in mononuclear and epithelial cells of the inflamed Crohn’s disease colon. Author: Berrebi D, Maudinas R, Hugot JP, Chamaillard M, Chareyre F, De Lagausie P, Yang C, Desreumaux P, Giovannini M, C“rd JP, Zouali H, Emilie D, Peuchmaur M. Journal: Gut; 2003 Jun; 52(6):840-6. PubMed ID: 12740340. [Link]; page 266
(footnote) Crohn BB, Ginzburg L and Oppenheimer GD; Regional Ileitis: A Pathologic and Clinical Entity. JAMA 1932 (Oct 15) 99:1323-1329. [Link]; page 266
(footnote) Integrating theories of the etiology of Crohn’s disease. On the etiology of Crohn’s disease: questioning the hypotheses. Author: Chamberlin WM, Naser SA. Journal: Med Sci Monit; 2006 Feb; 12:RA27-33. PubMed ID: 16449960. [Link]; page 266
130 Azathioprine for maintaining remission of Crohn’s disease. Author: Pearson DC, May GR, Fick G, Sutherland LR. Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2000; (2):CD000067. PubMed ID: 10796482.[Link]; page 267
131 Oral 5-aminosalicylic acid for maintenance of medically-induced remission in Crohn’s Disease. Author: Akobeng AK, Gardener E. Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2005; (1):CD003715. PubMed ID: 15674913. [Link]; page 267
132 Enteral nutritional therapy for inducing remission of Crohn’s disease. Author: Zachos M, Tondeur M, Griffiths AM. Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2001; (3):CD000542. PubMed ID: 11686966.[Link]; page 267
133 Methotrexate for induction of remission in refractory Crohn’s disease. Author: Alfadhli AA, McDonald JW, Feagan BG. Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2005; (1):CD003459. PubMed ID: 15674908.[Link]; page 267
134 Management of the short bowel syndrome after extensive small bowel resection. Author: Keller J, Panter H, Layer P. Journal: Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol; 2004 Oct; 18(5):977-92. PubMed ID: 15494290. [Link]; page 267
135 Tumor necrosis factor-alpha antibody for induction of remission in Crohn’s disease. Author: Akobeng AK, Zachos M. Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2004; (1):CD003574. PubMed ID: 14974022. [Link]; page 267
136 Infliximab maintenance therapy for fistulizing Crohn’s disease. Author: Sands BE, Anderson FH, Bernstein CN, Chey WY, Feagan BG, Fedorak RN, Kamm MA, Korzenik JR, Lashner BA, Onken JE, Rachmilewitz D, Rutgeerts P, Wild G, Wolf DC, Marsters PA, Travers SB, Blank MA, van Deventer SJ. Journal: N Engl J Med; 2004 Feb 26; 350(9):876-85. PubMed ID: 14985485. [Link]; page 267
137; page Efficacy and safety of retreatment with anti-tumor necrosis factor antibody (infliximab) to maintain remission in Crohn’s disease. Author: Rutgeerts P, D’Haens G, Targan S, Vasiliauskas E, Hanauer SB, Present DH, Mayer L, Van Hogezand RA, Braakman T, DeWoody KL, Schaible TF, Van Deventer SJ. Journal: Gastroenterology; 1999 Oct; 117(4):761-9. PubMed ID: 10500056. [Link]; page 267
138 Health Technol Assess. 2003;7(3):1 Systematic review and economic evaluation of the effectiveness of infliximab for the treatment of Crohn’s disease. Clark W [Link]; page 267
139 No link available; page 267Irritable bowel syndrome; Carcinoma of the pancreas
140 The official website for the Rome II criteria. [Link]; page 268
141 Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography: image quality, ductal morphology, and value of additional T2- and T1-weighted sequences for the assessment of suspected pancreatic cancer. Author: H“inen EL, Ricke J, Amthauer H, R“ttgen R, B“hmig M, Langrehr J, Pech M, Denecke T, Rosewicz S, Felix R. Journal: Acta Radiol; 2005 Apr; 46(2):117-25. PubMed ID: 15902884. [Link]; page 268
(footnote) The roles of endoscopic ultrasonography in the diagnosis of pancreatic tumors. Author: Maguchi H. Journal: J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg; 2004; 11(1):1-3. PubMed ID: 15747027. [Link]; page 268
142 Giardia lamblia infections become clinically evident by eliciting symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. Author: D’Anchino M, Orlando D, De Feudis L. Journal: J Infect; 2002 Oct; 45(3):169-72. PubMed ID: 12387773. [Link]; page 269
143 Bulking agents, antispasmodic and antidepressant medication for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Author: Quartero AO, Meineche-Schmidt V, Muris J, Rubin G, de Wit N. Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2005; (2):CD003460. PubMed ID: 15846668. [Link]; page 269
144 No link available; page 269
145 Alosetron 1mg/12h PO; page [Link]; page 269
146 Efficacy of alosetron in irritable bowel syndrome: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Author: Cremonini F, Delgado-Aros S, Camilleri M. Journal: Neurogastroenterol Motil; 2003 Feb; 15(1):79-86. PubMed ID: 12588472. [Link]; page 269
(footnote) Gut-focused hypnotherapy normalizes disordered rectal sensitivity in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Author: Lea R, Houghton LA, Calvert EL, Larder S, Gonsalkorale WM, Whelan V, Randles J, Cooper P, Cruickshanks P, Miller V, Whorwell PJ. Journal: Aliment Pharmacol Ther; 2003 Mar 1; 17(5):635-42. PubMed ID: 12641511. [Link]; page 269
Nutritional disorders
147 Int J Dermatol 1998 Aug;37(8):599 The; page 270
Carcinoid tumours
148 Carcinoid tumour. Author: McStay MK, Caplin ME. Journal: Minerva Med; 2002 Oct; 93(5):389-401. PubMed ID: 12410171. [Link]; page 270
149 Neuropsychological investigation into the carcinoid syndrome. Author: Russo S, Nielen MM, Boon JC, Kema IP, Willemse PH, de Vries EG, Korf J, den Boer JA. Journal: Psychopharmacology (Berl); 2003 Jul; 168(3):324-8. PubMed ID: 12695876. [Link]; page 270
150; page Interest of Chromogranin A for diagnosis and follow-up of endocrine tumours. Author: Nehar D, Lombard-Bohas C, Olivieri S, Claustrat B, Chayvialle JA, Penes MC, Sassolas G, Borson-Chazot F. Journal: Clin Endocrinol (Oxf); 2004 May; 60(5):644-52. PubMed ID: 15104570. [Link]; page 270
151 Current diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal carcinoids in a series of 101 patients: the significance of serum chromogranin-A, somatostatin receptor scintigraphy and somatostatin analogues. Author: Nikou GC, Lygidakis NJ, Toubanakis C, Pavlatos S, Tseleni-Balafouta S, Giannatou E, Mallas E, Safioleas M. Journal: Hepatogastroenterology; 2005 May-Jun; 52(63):731-41. PubMed ID: 15966194.[Link]; page 270
152 A study of cyproheptadine in the treatment of metastatic carcinoid tumor and the malignant carcinoid syndrome. Author: Moertel CG, Kvols LK, Rubin J. Journal: Cancer; 1991 Jan 1; 67(1):33-6. PubMed ID: 1985720. [Link]; page 270
153 Combination therapy with octreotide and alpha-interferon: effect on tumor growth in metastatic endocrine gastroenteropancreatic tumors. Author: Frank M, Klose KJ, Wied M, Ishaque N, Schade-Brittinger C, Arnold R. Journal: Am J Gastroenterol; 1999 May; 94(5):1381-7. PubMed ID: 10235222.[Link]; page 270
154 Carcinoid tumour. Author: McStay MK, Caplin ME. Journal: Minerva Med; 2002 Oct; 93(5):389-401. PubMed ID: 12410171. [Link]; page 270
(footnote) James Lind and Scurvy: a Revaluation [Link]; page 270 155 A case of biliary carcinoid presenting with pancreatitis and obstructive jaundice. Author: Juturi JV, Maghfoor I, Doll DC, Evans ML. Journal: Am J Gastroenterol; 2000 Oct; 95(10):2973-4. PubMed ID: 11051379. [Link]; page 271
Gastrointestinal malabsorption
156 Tropical sprue after travel to Tanzania. Author: Peetermans WE, Vonck A. Journal: J Travel Med; 2000 Jan; 7(1):33-4. PubMed ID: 10689238. [Link]; page 272
157 No link available; page 272
Coeliac disease
158 Effect of an oats-containing gluten-free diet on symptoms and quality of life in coeliac disease. A randomized study. Author: Per“o M, Kaukinen K, Mustalahti K, Vuolteenaho N, M” M, Laippala P, Collin P. Journal: Scand J Gastroenterol; 2004 Jan; 39(1):27-31. PubMed ID: 14992558. [Link]; page 272
Chronic pancreatis
159 Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency: accuracy and clinical value of the uniformly labelled 13C-Hiolein breath test. Author: Lembcke B, Braden B, Caspary WF. Journal: Gut; 1996 Nov; 39(5):668-74. PubMed ID: 9026480. [Link]; page 272
Alcoholism
160 The value of the CAGE in screening for alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence in general clinical populations: a diagnostic meta-analysis. Author: Aertgeerts B, Buntinx F, Kester A. Journal: J Clin Epidemiol; 2004 Jan; 57(1):30-9. PubMed ID: 15019008. [Link]; page 274
161 No link available; page 274
162 Attributable risk of injury associated with alcohol use: cross-national data from the emergency room collaborative alcohol analysis project. Author: Cherpitel CJ, Ye Y, Bond J. Journal: Am J Public Health; 2005 Feb; 95(2):266-72. PubMed ID: 15671463. [Link]; page 274
163 Acamprosate appears to decrease alcohol intake in weaned alcoholics. Author: Lhuintre JP, Moore N, Tran G, Steru L, Langrenon S, Daoust M, Parot P, Ladure P, Libert C, Boismare F. Journal: Alcohol Alcohol; 1990; 25(6):613-22. PubMed ID: 2085344. [Link]; page 274
164 No link available; page 274
165 For more information on alcohol screening tests see: [Link]; page 275
166 Brief screening instruments for alcoholism. Cherpitel CJ. Alcohol Health Res World; 1997; 21(4):348-51. PubMed ID: 15706747 [Link]; page 275
Chapter 08: Renal Medicine
Renal medicine
1 Identification, management and referral of adults with chronic kidney disease: concise guidelines[Link]; page 277
Urine
Images of renal histology
4 Transplantation. 2000 Jun 27;69(12):2663-5 Acute rejection presenting as nephrotic syndrome--Ahmad I [Link]; page 281
Urinary tract infection
5 Andrews SJ, Brooks PT, Hanbury DC, King CM, Prendergast CM, Boustead GB, McNicholas TA. Ultrasonography and abdominal radiography versus intravenous urography in investigation of urinary tract infection in men: prospective incident cohort study. BMJ. 2002; 324(7335): 454-6. [Link]; page 282
6 Jepson RG, Mihaljevic L, Craig J. Cranberries for preventing urinary tract infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;(2):CD001321. [Link]; page 282
7 Fihn SD. Clinical practice. Acute uncomplicated urinary tract infection in women. N Engl J Med. 2003; 349: 259-66. [Link]; page 282
8 Deville WL, Yzermans JC, van Duijn NP, Bezemer PD, van der Windt DA, Bouter LM. The urine dipstick test useful to rule out infections. A meta-analysis of the accuracy. BMC Urol. 2004; 4: 4. [Link]; page 283
9 Richards D, Toop L, Chambers S, Fletcher L. Response to antibiotics of women with symptoms of urinary tract infection but negative dipstick urine test results: double blind randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2005; 331(7509): 143. [Link]; page 283
Renal calculi (nephrolithiasis)
10 Holdgate A, Pollock T. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) versus opioids for acute renal colic. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005 Apr 18; (2): CD004137. [Link]; page 284
11 Robyn Webber, David Tolley, James Lingeman. Kidney Stones. Clinical Evidence April 2005.; page[Link]; page 284
12 Uibu T, Oksa P, Auvinen A, Honkanen E, Metsarinne K, Saha H, Uitti J, Roto P. Asbestos exposure as a risk factor for retroperitoneal fibrosis. Lancet 2004; 363(9419): 1422-6. [Link]; page 285
[Description of a case of Cacchi Ricci disease associated with hyperparathyroidism in the setting of multiple endocrine disease] Author: Diouf B, Dia D, Ka MM, Diouf R, Dangou JM, Badiane M, Ka EF, Moreira Diop T. Journal: Dakar Med; 1999; 44(2):229-31. PubMed ID: 11957291 [Link]; page 285
Urinary tract obstruction
13; Warnatz K, Keskin AG, Uhl M, Scholz C, Katzenwadel A, Vaith P, Peter HH, Walker UA. Immunosuppressive treatment of chronic periaortitis: a retrospective study of 20 patients with chronic periaortitis and a review of the literature. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005; 64(6): 828-33. [Link]; page 286
13 Professor Christine Lawrence [Link]; page 287
Gromerulonephritis (GN)
14 Nakao N, Yoshimura A, Morita H, Takada M, Kayano T, Ideura T. Combination treatment of angiotensin-II receptor blocker and angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor in non-diabetic renal disease (COOPERATE): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003; 361:117-24. [Link]; page 288
15 Roccatello D, Baldovino S, Rossi D, Mansouri M, Naretto C, Gennaro M, Cavallo R, Alpa M, Costanzo P, Giachino O, Mazzucco G, Sena LM. Long-term effects of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody treatment of cryoglobulinaemic glomerulonephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2004; 19(12): 3054-61. [Link]; page 289
The nephritic syndrome
16 Nakao N, Yoshimura A, Morita H, Takada M, Kayano T, Ideura T. Combination treatment of angiotensin-II receptor blocker and angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor in non-diabetic renal disease (COOPERATE): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003; 361:117-24. [Link]
17 Bakris GL, Williams M, Dworkin L, Elliott WJ, Epstein M, Toto R, Tuttle K, Douglas J, Hsueh W, Sowers J. Preserving renal function in adults with hypertension and diabetes: a consensus approach. National Kidney Foundation Hypertension and Diabetes Executive Committees Working Group. Am J Kidney Dis. 2000; 36(3): 646-61. [Link]; page 290
Acute renal failure (ARF) diagnosisNo links
Chronic renal failure (CRF)18 G Navis 1997 Lancet 349 1852; page 294
19 Bakris GL, Williams M, Dworkin L, Elliott WJ, Epstein M, Toto R, Tuttle K, Douglas J, Hsueh W, Sowers J. Preserving renal function in adults with hypertension and diabetes: a consensus approach. National Kidney Foundation Hypertension and Diabetes Executive Committees Working Group. Am J Kidney Dis. 2000; 36(3): 646-61. [Link]; page 294
Cardiovascular disease in chronic kidney failure: the role of VDR activators. Author: Wu-Wong JR, Tian J, Nakane M, Ma J, Fey TA, Kroeger P, Fryer RM, Reinhart GA. Journal: Curr Opin Investig Drugs; 2006 Mar; 7(3):206-13. PubMed ID: 16555680 [Link]; page 294
Once-weekly intravenous paricalcitol in the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism in hemodialysis patients. Author: Staniforth ME, Cheng SC, Coyne DW. Journal: Clin Nephrol; 2005 Jun; 63(6):454-60. PubMed ID: 15960147 [Link]; page 294 20; J Intern Med. 2003 Mar;253(3):335 Extrapolation of reciprocal creatinine plot is not reliable in predicting the onset of dialysis in patients with progressive renal insufficiency--Szeto C [Link]; page 295
21 Combination treatment of angiotensin-II receptor blocker and angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor in non-diabetic renal disease (COOPERATE): a randomised controlled trial. Author: Nakao N, Yoshimura A, Morita H, Takada M, Kayano T, Ideura T. Journal: Lancet; 2003 Jan 11; 361(9352):117-24. PubMed ID: 12531578. [Link]; page 295Renal replacement therapy
22 European Best Practice Guidelines Expert Group on Hemodialysis, European Renal Association. Section I. Measurement of renal function, when to refer and when to start dialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2002;17 Suppl 7: 7-15. [Link]; page 296
23 Jaar BG, Coresh J, Plantinga LC, Fink NE, Klag MJ, Levey AS, Levin NW, Sadler JH, Kliger A, Powe NR. Comparing the risk for death with peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis in a national cohort of patients with chronic kidney disease. Ann Intern Med. 2005; 143: 174-83.; page [Link]; page 296
24 N Engl J Med. 1986 Jan 2;314(1):14 Stopping long-term dialysis. An empirical study of withdrawal of life-supporting treatment--Neu S [Link]; page 296
25 Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 1990 Aug 11;134(32):1549 Voluntary discontinuation of dialysis treatment by chronic dialysis patients--van Nieuwkerk C [Link]; page 296
26 ASAIO J. 1994 Jul-Sep;40(3):M798-802. End of life issues in ESRD. A study of three decision variables that affect patient attitudes. Rutecki G [Link]; page 296
27 Webster AC, Playford EG, Higgins G, Chapman JR, Craig J. Interleukin 2 receptor antagonists for kidney transplant recipients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;(1):CD003897. [Link]; page 297
Interstitial nephritides and nephrotoxins
28 Rev Med Chil. 2002 Jun;130(6):677-80. Hemolytic-uremic syndrome and Streptococcus pneumoniae--Reynolds E [Link]; page 300
Renal vascular disease
29 [MEDLINE@10756368]; page 300
30 [MEDLINE@10602896]; page 300
31 [MEDLINE@10467278]; page 300
32; page Clin Ther 2002 Nov;24(11):1741-56; discussion 1719 Pharmacologic management of diabetic nephropathy. Vivian EM [Link]; page 301
33 N Engl J Med 2003 Jan 30;348(5):383 Multifactorial intervention and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. Gaede P Steno Diabetes Center [Link]; page 301
34 Professor Christine Lawrence [Link]; page 301
35 Professor Christine Lawrence [Link]; page 303
Inherited kidney diseases
36 Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2003 Apr;3(2):215-33. von Hippel-Lindau disease: recent advances and therapeutic perspectives--Richard S [Link]; page 304
37 Lancet 1997 349 1770; page 304
38 Dr Petty’s 2002 lectures [Link]; page 305
39 PKD foundation [Link]; page 305
Renal manifestations of systemic disease
Chapter 09: Haematology
Haematology
1 Image from the Song of Los by william Blake [Link]; page 308
2 Image of spherocyte permission from; page Bessis M: Blood Smears Reinterpreted, Springer-Verlag, 1977, p. 97 [Link]; page 308
3 Professor Krzysztof Lewandowski [Link]; page 309, 313
Anaemia
4 Hill SR, Carless PA, Henry DA, Carson JL, Hebert PC, McClelland DB, Henderson KM. Transfusion thresholds and other strategies for guiding allogeneic red blood cell transfusion. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(2):CD002042. Review. [Link]; page 310
Iron-deficiency anaemia (IDA) (footnote) Yates JM, Logan EC, Stewart RM. Iron deficiency anaemia in general practice: clinical outcomes over three years and factors influencing diagnostic investigations. Postgrad Med J. 2004; 80: 405-10. [Link]; page 312
(footnote) Hardwick RH, Armstrong CP. Synchronous upper and lower gastrointestinal endoscopy is an effective method of investigating iron-deficiency anaemia. Br J Surg 1997; 84: 1725-8. [Link]; page 312
5 Professor Christine Lawrence [Link]; page 313
6; [Link]; page 313
7 Professor Krzysztof Lewandowski [Link]; page 313
8 Professor Christine Lawrence [Link]; page 313
9 Professor Christine Lawrence [Link]; page 313
The peripheral blood film
10 [Link]; page 315
11 Professor Barbara Bain [Link]; page 315
12 Professor Christine Lawrence [Link]; page 315
13 Dr. Nivaldo Medeiros [Link]; page 315
14 Professor Christine Lawrence [Link]; page 315
15 Image of Pappenheimer body Courtesy of the Crookston collection [Link]; page 315
16 Professor Krzysztof Lewandowski [Link]; page 315
17; page [Link]; page 315
18 Professor Barbara Bain [Link]; page 315
19 Wadsworth Centre, case presentation, commentary to slide number 138 [Link]; page 317
20 Image of cabot ring, courtesy of the Crookston Collection [Link]; page 317
The differential white cell count
21 B Bain 1999 nejm 1999 341 1141 and 1060; page 317
22 J Leone 2000 nejm 342 442 and 1061 The Spry definition of eosinophilia: counts of 0.55 ” 109 to 1.5 “ 109/L need follow-up’; counts of 1.5 “ 109 to 10 “ 109/L need investigation soon’, and counts of > 10 ” 109/L need urgent assessment’”including cardiac. [Link]?; page 317
(footnote) Bain BJ. Relationship between idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome, eosinophilic leukemia, and systemic mastocytosis. Am J Hematol. 2004; 77: 82-5. [Link]; page 316
Macrocytic anaemia
28 Davey Smith G, Ebrahim S. Folate supplementation and cardiovascular disease. Lancet 2005; 366: 1679-1681. [Link]; page 318
29; page Lewis SJ, Ebrahim S, Davey Smith G. Meta-analysis of MTHFR 677C->T polymorphism and coronary heart disease: does totality of evidence support causal role for homocysteine and preventive potential of folate? BMJ. 2005; 331 (7524): 1053. [Link]; page 318
30 Professor Barbara Bain [Link]; page 319B12 deficiency and pernicious anaemia
31 No link available; page 321
An approach to haemolytic anaemiaNo links
Causes of haemolytic anaemia
32 D Weatherall & A Provan 2000 Lancet 355 1169; page 324
33 Professor Christine Lawrence [Link]; page 325
34 Professor Barbara Bain [Link]; page 325
35 Professor Barbara Bain [Link]; page 325
36 Professor Barbara Bain [Link]; page 325
37 Professor Barbara Bain [Link]; page 325
38 Professor Barbara Bain [Link]; page 325
39 Professor Barbara Bain [Link]; page 325
Sickle-cell anaemia
40 Adams RJ, McKie VC, Hsu L, et al. Prevention of a first stroke by transfusions in children with sickle cell anemia and abnormal results on transcranial Doppler ultrasonography. N Engl J Med 1998; 339:5-11. [Link]; page 326
41 PS Bellett 1996 e-bm 1 76; page 326
42 J Williams nejm 1993 329 472+501; page 326
(footnote) Charache S, Terrin ML, Moore RD, et al. Effect of hydroxyurea on frequency of painful crises in sickle cell anemia. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 1317-1322. [Link]; page 326
(footnote) Steinberg MH, Barton F, Castro O, et al. Effect of hydroxyurea on mortality and morbidity in adult sickle cell anemia. JAMA 2003; 289: 1645-1651. [Link]; page 326
43 Vichinsky EP, Neumayr LD, Earles AN et al.; page N Engl J Med; 2000 Jun 22; 342(25):1855-65. PubMed ID: 10861320.
[Link]; page 327
44 Vichinsky EP, Neumayr LD, Earles AN, et al. Causes and outcomes of the acute chest syndrome in sickle cell disease. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 1855-1865. [Link]; page 327
45; page Gill 1998 bmj 317 761; page 327
Thalassaemia(footnote) [Link]; page 327
48 Rund D, Rachmilewitz E.Beta-thalassemia.N Engl J Med 2005; 353(11): 1135-46.; [Link]; page 328
50 One genetic cause of thrombocytopenia is autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (alps) with splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy + other autoimmune features, mentioned here because of its interesting pathogenesis related to faulty apoptosis (programmed cell death of lymphocytes activated via routine infections) due to mutation of the gene known as Fas’. Apoptosis is essential immunological function, and is regulated by the Fas/Apo-1 receptor (Blood 1997 89 1341).; page 328
51 Dr. Erwin van den Enden [Link]; page 329
52 Image of skull x ray in Thalassaemia Major; courtesy of the crookston collection [Link]; page 329
Bleeding disorders
53 (NB this was mistakenly numbered “49” in the book); page Image of haematoma in leg -- mild haemophilia -- after an IM injection;; page [Link]; page 331
An approach to bleedingNo links
Anticoagulants
54 No link available; page 334
55 No link available; page 335
56 No link available; page 335
Leukemia and the house officer
57 Bernard GR, Vincent JL, Laterre PF, et al. Efficacy and safety of recombinant human activated protein C for severe sepsis. N Engl J Med. 2001; 344: 699-709. [Link]; page 336
58 Image of DIC/purpura fulminans courtesy of the Crookston Collection [Link]; page 337Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL)
59 Dickinson HO. The causes of childhood leukaemia. BMJ 2005; 330:1279-80. [Link]; page 338
60 D Hoelzer 1993 nejm 329 1343; page 338
61 A Leonard 2000 bmj ii 433 [Link]; page 338
62 Professor Christine Lawrence [Link]; page 339
63 Professor Christine Lawrence [Link]; page 339
64 Professor Christine Lawrence [Link]; page 339
65 Professor Christine Lawrence [Link]; page 339
66 Professor Christine Lawrence [Link]; page 341
Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML)
67 Professor Christine Lawrence [Link]; page 341
68 Professor Christine Lawrence [Link]; page 341
69 Professor Christine Lawrence [Link]; page 341
70 Professor Christine Lawrence [Link]; page 343
71 Professor Christine Lawrence [Link]; page 343
Hodgkin’s lymphoma
72 Lennard AL, Jackson GH. Stem cell transplantation. BMJ 2000; 321: 433-7. [Link]; page 344
(footnote) Lymphographic demonstration of cyclic changes in lymph node size during Pel-Epstein fever. Author: Scanlon GT, Castellino RA, Rudders R. Journal: Cancer; 1975 Dec; 36(6):2026-8. PubMed ID: 1203860. [Link]; page 344 73 No link available; page 345
74 Professor Christine Lawrence [Link]; page 345
75 Image of Reed-Sternberg cell, courtesy of the crookston collection [Link]; page 345
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
76 Dr Tom D Thacher [Link]; page 347
77 Professor Barbara Bain [Link]; page 347
78 Professor Christine Lawrence [Link]; page 347
Pancytopenia, and bone marrow failureNo links
The myeloproliferative disordersNo links
79 Professor Christine Lawrence [Link]; page 351
80 Dr. Nivaldo Medeiros [Link]; page 351
81 Professor Christine Lawrence [Link]; page 351
Myeloma
82 Palumbo A 2006 Lancet 367 825. Oral melphalan and prednisolone chemotherapy plus thalidomide compared with melphaln and prednisolone alone in elderly patients with multiple myeloma: randomised controlled trial. [Link]; page 352
83 UK myeloma forum and the Nordic myeloma study group:guidelines on the diagnosis and management of multiple myeloma 2005. [Link]; page 353
84 Professor Chrisitne Lawrence [Link]; page 353
85 Professor Christine Lawrence [Link]; page 353
86 Professor Christine Lawrence [Link]; page 353
ParaproteinaemiaNo links
Amyloidosis
87 British Committee for Standards in Haematology guidelines. Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Management of AL Amyloidosis. Br J Haematology 2004; 125: 681-700. [Link]; page 354
88 Professor Christine Lawrence [Link]; page 355
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
89 Working Party of British Committee for Standards in Haematology 1996 bmj i 430; page 356
Thrombophilia
90; British Committee for Standards in Haematology. Investigation and management of heritable thrombophilia. British Journal of Haematology 2001; 114(3), 512-528 [Link]; page 358
Immunosuppresive drugs
91 No link available; page 361
Chapter 10: Infectious diseases
Infectious diseases
1 Nature 2005 [issue devoted to climate change: Nov 17 2005 [Link]; page 362, 430
2 Link not available; page 362
3 AJ McMichael 2006 Lancet 367 859. Climate change and human health: present and future risks[Link]; page 362
4 Elinor Moore 2006; HIV is changing the face of tropic medicine. BMJ 2006 333 1280 [Link]; page 363
5 Elinor Moore 2006; HIV is changing the face of tropic medicine. BMJ 2006 333 1280 [Link]; page 363
The classification of pathogens
6 Gene expression in Eukaryotes [Link]; page 364
7 Types of bacteria: after Izabela Kurkiewicz; page [Link]; page 364, 430
8 Don Chamberlain. Woodrow Wilson Biology Institute.1995 Viruses and host evolution [Link]; page 364
9 Kingdom protozoa and its 18 phyla. T Cavalier-Smith [Link]; page 364
10 Glossary of terms [Link]; page 364
11 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995 Mar 28;92(7):2421-3 Of archae and eo: what’s in a name? [Link]; page 364
12 Distribution of Chlamydia trachomatis serovars among female prostitutes and non-prostitutes in Thailand, and non-prostitutes in Japan during the mid-90s. Author: Yamazaki T, Hagiwara T, Kishimoto T, Sasaki N, Takahashi S, Ishihara O, Wangroongsarb P, Kusum M, Sirivongrangsan P. Journal: Jpn J Infect Dis; 2005 Aug; 58(4):211-3. PubMed ID: 16116252. [Link]; page 365
13 Chlamydiae: Yechiel Becker [Link]; page 365
14 Image of oral herpes (HSV1) from ormi/oup image bank [no link]; page 366
15 Enterovirus meningitis in Brazil, 1998-2003. Journal: J Med Virol; 2006 Jan; 78(1):98-104. PubMed ID: 16299728. [Link]; page 366
16 Link not available; page 366
17 Medical Advis. Service for (uk) Travellers Abroad (020 7631 4408) provides detailed written travel advice for ~“5. Also try Healthline (0839337729), the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (0151 708 9393), and the Royal Geographical Society Expedition Advisory Centre, 1 Kensington Gore, London sw
7 2ar; see also doh 1995 Health Information for Overseas Travel. [Link]; page 367
18 R Dawood Travellers’ Health, oup; page 367
19 Cefepime: A Cost-Effective Alternative to Ceftazidime in Adult Patients; Cephalosporins in bone marrow transplant [Link]; page 368
20 Fourth generation cephalosporins in the antimicrobial chemotherapy of surgical infections. Author: Giamarellou H. Journal: J Chemother; 1999 Dec; 11(6):486-93. PubMed ID: 10678790. [Link]; page 368
21 Link not available; page 368
22 Susceptibilities of bacteria isolated from patients with lower respiratory infectious diseases to antibiotics (2003); H Goto et al [Link]; page 368
23 Link not available; page 368
24 Antibiotic resistance in outpatient urinary isolates: final results from the North American Urinary Tract Infection Collaborative Alliance (NAUTICA). Author: Zhanel GG, Hisanaga TL, Laing NM, DeCorby MR, Nichol KA, Palatnik LP, Johnson J, Noreddin A, Harding GK, Nicolle LE, Hoban DJ, NAUTICA Group . Journal: Int J Antimicrob Agents; 2005 Nov; 26(5):380-8. PubMed ID: 16243229. [Link]; page 368
25 [Resistance of catheter-associated urinary tract infections to antibacterials] Author: Verhaz A, Skrbic R, Rakita-Music M. Journal: Vojnosanit Pregl; 2005 Mar; 62(3):181-7. PubMed ID: 15790045. [Link]; page 368
26 Link not available; page 368
27 Link not available; page 368
28 Comparison of antimicrobial resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates from Shanghai and Hong Kong. Author: Ling TK, Ying CM, Lee CC, Liu ZK. Journal: Med Princ Pract; 2005 Sep-Oct; 14(5):338-41. PubMed ID: 16103700. [Link]; page 368
(footnote) Vincent A. Fischetti Ph.D.Biography of Rebecca Craighill Lancefield (1895-1981) [Link]; page 365Antibiotics: cephalosporins
29 H Giamarellou 1999 J Chemother 11 486 [@10678790]; see also BNF 2000 ii 258; page 369
30 Changes in antibiotic resistance of the most common Gram-negative bacteria isolated in intensive care units. Author: Makedou KG, Tsiakiri EP, Bisiklis AG, Chatzidimitriou M, Halvantzis AA, Ntoutsou K, Alexiou-Daniel S. Journal: J Hosp Infect; 2005 Jul; 60(3):245-8. PubMed ID: 15890431. [Link]; page 369
31 An evidence-based evaluation of important aspects of empirical antibiotic therapy in febrile neutropenic patients. Author: Glasmacher A, von Lilienfeld-Toal M, Schulte S, Hahn C, Schmidt-Wolf IG, Prentice A. Journal: Clin Microbiol Infect; 2005 Oct; 11 Suppl 5():17-23. PubMed ID: 16138815. [Link]; page 369
32 Biliary tract infections: a guide to drug treatment. Author: Westphal JF, Brogard JM. Journal: Drugs; 1999 Jan; 57(1):81-91. PubMed ID: 9951953 [Link]; page 369
Antibiotics: others
33 Link not available; page 371
Blind Rx for presumed septicaemia, pneumonia, etc
34; The reliability of the microscopic diagnosis of malaria in the field and in the laboratory. Author: Collier JA, Longmore JM. Journal: Ann Trop Med Parasitol; 1983 Apr; 77(2):113-7. PubMed ID: 6192774.[Link]; page 373
35 Sensitivity of 93.3%, specificity 98.3%, a positive predictive value of 95.6%, and a negative predictive value of 97.4%“I Cropley 2000 BMJ ii 484 [Link]; page 373
36 Link not available; page 373
Drug abuse and infectious diseases
37; page Link not available; page 375
Pyrexia of unknown origin (PUO)38 G Flaubert 1913 Dictionary of Received Ideas; page 376
39 P Chandrasekar 1994 Arch Int Med 154 841; page 376
40 P Chandrasekar 1994 Arch Int Med 154 841; page 376
41 Rickettsial infections and fever, Vientiane, Laos. Author: Phongmany S, White NJ, Journal: Emerg Infect Dis; 2006 Feb; 12(2):256-62. PubMed ID: 16494751 [Link]; page 376
42 J Drenth 2000 bmj i 1091 [Link]; page 376
43 Fever and thromboembolic disease in acute spinal cord injury. Author: Weingarden SI, Weingarden DS, Belen J. Journal: Paraplegia; 1988 Feb; 26(1):35-42. PubMed ID: 3353124 [Link]; page 376
44 Multicentric Castleman’s disease associated with glomerular microangiopathy and MPGN-like lesion: does vascular endothelial cell-derived growth factor play causative or protective roles in renal injury? Author: Seida A, Wada J, Morita Y, Baba M, Eguchi J, Nishimoto N, Okino T, Ichimura K, Yoshino T, Makino H. Journal: Am J Kidney Dis; 2004 Jan; 43(1):E3-9. PubMed ID: 14712466 [Link]; page 376
45 Case 3-1998” A 31-Year-Old Woman with a Pleural Effusion, Ascites, and Persistent Fever Spikes Ellen E. Sheets [Link]; page 376
46 Visceral leishmaniasis. Author: Stefaniak J, Paul M, Kacprzak E, Skoryna-Karcz B. Journal: Przegl Epidemiol; 2003; 57(2):341-8. PubMed ID: 12910604. [Link]; page 376
47 Legionnaires’ disease with severe hypoxemia and saddleback fever. Author: Shankar PS, Anderson CL, Scott JH. Journal: Postgrad Med; 1981 Apr; 69(4):87-92. PubMed ID: 7010336. [Link]; page 376
48 H Horowitz 1998 Lancet 351 650; page 376
49 [Clinical-therapeutic considerations in a case of miliary tuberculosis in an indonesian girl] Author: Ajassa C, Angelici AM, Rendina E, Trinchieri V, Berardelli G, Bellagamba R, Catania N, Falciano M, Mascellino MT, Causo T. Journal: Riv Eur Sci Med Farmacol; 1993 May-Aug; 15(3-4):175-80. PubMed ID: 7761666. [Link]; page 376
50 Image of Roth spots courtesy of Prof J Trobe [Link]; page 376
51 Jeffrey Dukes 2003. Burning buried sunshine; human consumption of ancient solar energy. [Link]; page 377
52 Microbial Threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response (2003) Board on Global Health (BGH), Institute of Medicine (IOM) pages 60, 79 and 83 [Link]; page 377
53 World sees an explosion in new infectious diseases By SETH BORENSTEIN Knight Ridder Newspapers [Link]; page 377
54 J Clin Virol 2003 Apr;26(3):265 Nipah virus outbreak in Malaysia. Chua KB [Link]; page 377
55; Origin and evolution of viruses: Escaped DNA/RNA sequences as evolutionary accelerators and natural biological weapons. Journal: Med Hypotheses; 2005 Aug 2; ():. PubMed ID: 16084025. [Link]; page 377
Diagnosing the tropical traveller
56 F Castelli 1993 Tr Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg 87 394; page 378
57; page [Changing patterns of communicable diseases in Korea] Author: Lim HS. Journal: J Prev Med Pub Health; 2005 May; 38(2):117-24. PubMed ID: 16315747 [Link]; page 378
58 Baillieres Clin Rheumatol 1995 Feb;9(1):145 Viral infections: alpha-viral arthropathy. McGill P [Link]; page 378
59 J Clin Microbiol 2002 Jul;40(7):2323 Rapid detection and quantification of RNA of Ebola and Marburg viruses, Lassa virus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Rift Valley fever virus, dengue virus, and yellow fever virus by real-time reverse transcription-PCR. Drosten C [Link]; page 378
60 DI Simpson 1995 Lancet 345 1252; page 378
61 Illness after International Travel; page Edward T. Ryan, M.D., Mary E. Wilson, M.D., and Kevin C. Kain, M.D. NEJM 2002 [Link]; page 379
62 Image of Isospora belli courtesy of Donald Duszynski [personal communication: 20-09-2005]; page 379
63 Unsopulated I belli: acknowledgent: Prof S Upton, by kind permission [Link]; page 379
64 Duszynski, D.W., W.D. Wilson, S.J. Upton, and N.D. Levine. 1999. Coccidia (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) in the Primates and the Scandentia. International Journal of Primatology 20 (5): 761-797. [no medline link]; page 379Gastroenteritis65 J Bartlett. The New Clostridium difficile “What Does It Mean? NEJM 2005 editorial [Link]; page 380
66 Human behaviour and the epidemiology of parasitic zoonoses. Author: Macpherson CN. Journal: Int J Parasitol; 2005 Oct; 35(11-12):1319-31. PubMed ID: 16102769. [Link]; page 380
67; A possible role of crows in the spread of diarrhoeal diseases in Aden. Author: al-Sallami S. Journal: J Egypt Public Health Assoc; 1991; 66(3-4):441-9. PubMed ID: 1791416. [Link]; page 380
68 [Norovirus infections in Germany] Author: Koch J, Schneider T, Stark K, Schreier E. Journal: Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz; 2006 Mar; 49(3):296-309. PubMed ID: 16463050. [Link]; page 380
(footnote) Effect of nitazoxanide in diarrhea and enteritis caused by Cryptosporidium species. Author: Rossignol JF, Kabil SM, el-Gohary Y, Younis AM. Journal: Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol; 2006 Mar; 4(3):320-4. PubMed ID: 16527695. [Link]; page 380
Immunization
69 J Med Virol. 2001 Dec;65(4):644-8. Amendola A. Influenza vaccination of HIV-1-positive and HIV-1-negative former intravenous drug users. [Link]; page 381
70 doh 2000; Communication ph6.3; page 382
Malaria
71 Antiprotozoal Agents By Prof. A.H. Chishti [Link]; page 382
72 Antiprotozoal Agents By Prof. A.H. Chishti [Link]; page 382
73 H Gilles 1991 Management of Severe & Complicated Malaria, WHO; page 382
74 N White 1993 Tr Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg 87 436 & 1996 335 800; page 382
75 N Phu 1995 Tr R Soc Trop M Hy 89 200 We thank Professor Nick White for his help with this page; p564, and Cerebral Malaria, p808; page 382
76 Plasmodium ovale [no permission yet from CDC’s Division of Parasitic Diseases (DPD) dpdx@cdc.gov [Coatney GR, Collins WE, Warren M, Contacos The Primate Malarias. Bethesda: U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare; 1971.]; page [Link]; page 383
77 Image of vivax gametocyte supplied by author [JML]; Field’s stain [author’s technique] x 1000 The reliability of the microscopic diagnosis of malaria in the field and in the laboratory. Author: Collier JA, Longmore JM. Journal: Ann Trop Med Parasitol; 1983 Apr; 77(2):113-7. PubMed ID: 6192774.; page 383
78 Image of Schner’s dots courtesy of Prof S Upton, Kansas University [Link]; page 383
79 Plasmodium malariae ring form by kind permission of Prof S Upton [Link]; page 383
80 Falciparum Gametocytes--by kind permission of Prof S Upton Kansas University [Link]; page 383
81 Image of Ronald Ross by kind permission of Prof S Upton of Kanas University [Link]; page 383
Malaria: treatment and prophylaxis
82 150mg chloroquine base = 250mg chloroquine phosphate (po) = 200mg chloroquine sulfate (iv).; page 384
83 Get expert help: tel 0151 7089393; page 384
84 Artemether-lumefantrine (six-dose regimen) for treating uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Author: Omari AA, Gamble C, Garner P. Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2005; (4):CD005564. PubMed ID: 16235412. [Link]; page 384
85 Introducing FACT Project Two Fixed-Dose Combination Therapies Artesunate/ Amodiaquine and Artesunate/Mefloquine [Link]; page 384
86 rtemether-lumefantrine (six-dose regimen) for treating uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Author: Omari A, Gamble C, Garner P, Omari A. Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2005; (4):CD005564. PubMed ID: 16235412. [Link]; page 384
87 NJ White 2006 Lancet 367 2075 [Link]; page 384
88 Atovaquone-proguanil for treating uncomplicated malaria. Author: Osei-Akoto A, Orton L, Owusu-Ofori S, Osei-Akoto A. Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2005; (4):CD004529. PubMed ID: 16235366. [Link]; page 384
89 P Duffy 2005 Lancet 366 1908 & Ronan Jambou 2005 Lancet 366 1960 [Link]; page 384
90 150mg chloroquine base = 250mg chloroquine phosphate (po) = 200mg chloroquine sulfate (iv).; page 384
91 phls 1997 Com Dis Rep Rev 7:R 137 & JB Lell 1998 Lancet 351 709; page 384
92 Link not available; page 384
93 Link not available; page 385
94 Link not available; page 385
95 1 J Sandford 2000 Guide to Antimicrobial Therapy, 91 & 96 isbn 0-933775-43-1; page 385
(footnote) Artesunate vs quinine for treatment of severe falciparum malaria: a randomized trial. N White Lancet 2005 366 717. Nickw@tropmedres.ac htt://www.thelancet.com; page 385Tuberculosis (TB)96 Predictors of incident tuberculosis among HIV-1-infected women in Tanzania. Author: Venkatesh PA, Bosch RJ, McIntosh K, Mugusi F, Msamanga G, Fawzi WW. Journal: Int J Tuberc Lung Dis; 2005 Oct; 9(10):1105-11. PubMed ID: 16229221. [Link]; page 386
97 Proportion of tuberculosis transmission that takes place in households in a high-incidence area. Author: Verver S, Warren RM, Munch Z, Richardson M, van der Spuy GD, Borgdorff MW, Behr MA, Beyers N, van Helden PD. Journal: Lancet; 2004 Jan 17; 363(9404):212-4. PubMed ID: 14738796.[Link]; page 386
98 The Lancet 2005; 365:1206-1209. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)74788-7 Can DOTS control multidrug-resistant tuberculosis? Marcos A Espinal [Link]; page 386
99 British Thoracic Society Guidelines on Chemotherapy and Management of TB in the UK 1998 Thorax 53:536-548; page 387
100 For an excellent review of prophylaxis against TB and other diseases in HIV patients, see JA Kovacs 2000 NEJM 342: 1416; page 387
101 British Thoracic Society Guidelines on Chemotherapy and Management of TB in the UK 1998 Thorax 53:536-548; page 387
102 Comparison of diagnostic criteria of tuberculous meningitis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected and uninfected children. Author: van der Weert EM, Hartgers NM, Schaaf HS, Eley BS, Pitcher RD, Wieselthaler NA, Laubscher R, Donald PR, Schoeman JF. Journal: Pediatr Infect Dis J; 2006 Jan; 25(1):65-9. PubMed ID: 16395106. [Link]; page 387
103 Tuberculous meningitis with multiple intracranial tuberculomas mimicking neurocysticercosis clinical and radiological findings. Author: Oncul O, Baylan O, Mutlu H, Cavuslu S, Doganci L. Journal: Jpn J Infect Dis; 2005 Dec; 58(6):387-9. PubMed ID: 16377875. [Link]; page 387
104 [ISONIAZID INDUCED NEUROPATHY: CONSIDER PREVENTION.] Journal: Rev Mal Respir; 2005 Nov 22; ():. PubMed ID: 16444133. [Link]; page 387
105 Effect of antituberculosis drug resistance on response to treatment and outcome in adults with tuberculous meningitis. Author: Thwaites GE, Lan NT, Dung NH, Quy HT, Oanh do TT, Thoa NT, Hien NQ, Thuc NT, Hai NN, Bang ND, Lan NN, Duc NH, Tuan VN, Hiep CH, Chau TT, Mai PP, Dung NT, Stepniewska K, White NJ, Hien TT, Farrar JJ. Journal: J Infect Dis; 2005 Jul 1; 192(1):79-88. PubMed ID: 15942897. [Link]; page 387
106 NEJM 351 1741 2004 & GAT Sanford 2006 p 88 [Link]; page 387
107 Clinical and radiological features of symptomatic central nervous system tuberculomas. Author: Unal A, Sutlas PN. Journal: Eur J Neurol; 2005 Oct; 12(10):797-804. PubMed ID: 16190918. [Link]; page 387
108 Management of intracranial pressure in tuberculous meningitis. Author: Murthy JM. Journal: Neurocrit Care; 2005; 2(3):306-12. PubMed ID: 16159082. [Link]; page 387
109 Link not available; page 387
110 Factors influencing the presentation and outcome of tuberculous meningitis in childhood. Author: Faella FS, Pagliano P, Attanasio V, Rossi M, Rescigno C, Scarano F, Conte M, Fusco U. Journal: In Vivo; 2006 Jan-Feb; 20(1):187-91. PubMed ID: 16433051. [Link]; page 387
111 See GAT Sanford 2006 page 137 www.sanfordguide.com; page 387
Herpes virus infection
112 Purpura fulminans in a child as a complication of chickenpox infection. Author: Campanelli A, Kaya G, Ozsahin AH, La Scala G, Jacquier C, Stauffer M, Boehlen F, de Moerloose P, Saurat JH. Journal: Dermatology; 2004; 208(3):262-4. PubMed ID: 15118384. [Link]; page 388
113 [Complications of chickenpox] Author: Arredondo JL, Mendoza E, Hern“ez M, Calder“n E. Journal: Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex; 1978 Jan-Feb; 35(1):177-7. PubMed ID: 619925. Abstract: [Link]; page 388
Infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever)
114 [Acute cerebellar ataxia associated with infectious mononucleosis--a case report and review of the literature] Author: Yabuki S, Kazahaya Y, Ikeda K. Journal: No To Shinkei; 1983 Apr; 35(4):337-42. PubMed ID: 6307327. [Link]; page 389
115 Bilateral facial nerve palsy associated with Epstein-Barr virus infection with a review of the literature. Author: Terada K, Niizuma T, Kosaka Y, Inoue M, Ogita S, Kataoka N. Journal: Scand J Infect Dis; 2004; 36(1):75-7. PubMed ID: 15000569. [Link]; page 389
116 Predictions and associations of fatigue syndromes and mood disorders that occur after infectious mononucleosis Peter D White,; page Janice M Thomas,; page Hillar O Kangro,; page William D A Bruce-Jones,; page et al. The Lancet. London: Dec 8, 2001.Vol.358, Iss. 9297;; page 1946 [Link]; page 389
117 A case of severe chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection with T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder. Author: Cho HS, Kim IS, Park HC, Ahn MJ, Lee YY, Park CK. Journal: Korean J Intern Med; 2004 Jun; 19(2):124-7. PubMed ID: 15366645 [Link]; page 389
118 Link not available; page 389
119 Fatal hepatitis during Epstein-Barr virus reactivation. Author: Cacopardo B, Nunnari G, Mughini MT, Tosto S, Benanti F, Nigro L. Journal: Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci; 2003 Jul-Aug; 7(4):107-9. PubMed ID: 15068233. [Link]; page 389
120 Chronic interstitial lung disease with lung fibrosis in a girl: uncommon sequelae of Epstein-Barr virus infection. Author: Ankermann T, Claviez A, Wagner HJ, Krams M, Riedel F. Journal: Pediatr Pulmonol; 2003 Mar; 35(3):234-8. PubMed ID: 12567394. [Link]; page 389
121 Image of atypical lymphocytes in EBV infection, courtesy of Axel Schneider [Link]; page 389
122 Link not available; page 389
123 Gavin Spickett ID consulatant at Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle, Pulse 2005 vol 65 [sept 3] no 34, p51 [Link]; page 389
124; page Lancet. 1982 Feb 20;1(8269):455. Systemic lupus erythematosus presenting as infectious mononucleosis with a false positive monospot test. Hendry BM, Longmore JM. [Link]; page 389
125 Link not available; page 389
126 Epstein-Barr viral load assessment in immunocompetent patients with fulminant infectious mononucleosis. Author: van Laar JA, Buysse CM, Vossen AC, Hj“arsson B, van Den Berg B, van Lom K, Deinum J. Journal: Arch Intern Med; 2002 Apr 8; 162(7):837-9. PubMed ID: 11926861 [Link]; page 389
127 Severe thrombocytopenia as a complication of acute Epstein-Barr virus infection. Author: Likic R, Kuzmanic D. Journal: Wien Klin Wochenschr; 2004 Jan 31; 116(1-2):47-50. PubMed ID: 15030124.[Link]; page 389
128 Epstein-Barr virus-associated familial Hodgkin lymphoma: paediatric onset in three of five siblings. Author: Kamper PM, Kjeldsen E, Clausen N, Bendix K, Hamilton-Dutoit S, d’Amore F. Journal: Br J Haematol; 2005 Jun; 129(5):615-7. PubMed ID: 15916683 [Link]; page 389
129 [Epstein-Barr virus-related lymphomas in patients with inflammatory bowel disease] Author: Juffermans NP, Jager A, Kersten MJ, van Oers MH, Hommes DW. Journal: Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd; 2005 Aug 13; 149(33):1859-63. PubMed ID: 16128185 [Link]; page 389
129 Link not available; page 389
130 Unusual evolution of an Epstein-Barr virus-associated leiomyosarcoma occurring after liver transplantation. Author: Brichard B, Smets F, Sokal E, Clapuyt P, Vermylen C, Cornu G, Rahier J, Otte JB. Journal: Pediatr Transplant; 2001 Oct; 5(5):365-9. PubMed ID: 11560757 [Link]; page 389
131 Glomerulonephritis in a patient with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection. Author: Kano K, Yamada Y, Sato Y, Arisaka O, Ono Y, Ueda Y. Journal: Pediatr Nephrol; 2005 Jan; 20(1):89-92. PubMed ID: 15503175. [Link]; page 389
132 Virological and immunological characteristics of a 19-year-old Japanese female with fatal outcome with Epstein-Barr virus-associated hemophagocytic syndrome. Author: Sato S, Kawashima H, Oshiro H, Hasegawa D, Kashiwagi Y, Takekuma K, Hoshika A. Journal: J Clin Virol; 2004 Nov; 31(3):235-8. PubMed ID: 15465418. [Link]; page 389
133 EBV associated hemophagocytic syndrome accompanied by central pontine myelinolysis. Author: Uehara E, Tasaka T, Matsuhashi Y, Fujita M, Tamura T, Kuwajima M, Nagai M, Ishida T. Journal: Leuk Lymphoma; 2002 Oct; 43(10):2047-50. PubMed ID: 12481907. [Link]; page 389Influenza; the common cold
134 J Millar 2000 bmj ii 736 [Link]; page 390
135 J Millar 2000 bmj ii 736 [Link]; page 390
136 Bonten M 2006 bMJ 332 248 Antibiotics in pandemic flu &: Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in hospitalized adults and children without known risk factors. Author: Gorak EJ, Yamada SM, Brown JD. Journal: Clin Infect Dis; 1999 Oct; 29(4):797-800. PubMed ID: 10589891[Link]; page 390
137 Manufacturer’s data (2000) & mist 1998 Lancet 352 1877; page 390
138 FDA considers Tamiflu safety in children. 18 November 2005; page [Link]; page 390
139 Jefferson T 2006; Antivirals for Influenza in healthy adults: systemic review. [Link]; page 390
140 Flu vaccination fact-sheet UK department of health 2005 [Link]; page 390
141 T Jefferson 2005 Efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccines in elderly people: a systematic review. Lancet 2005 366 1165 [Link]; page 390
142 Algorith for prescribing Oseltamivir for prophylaxis against influenza. DoH Feb 2006 after Emma Richardson at RT PCT [Link]; page 390
143 Effect of treatment with zinc gluconate or zinc acetate on experimental and natural colds. Author: Turner RB, Cetnarowski WE. Journal: Clin Infect Dis; 2000 Nov; 31(5):1202-8. PubMed ID: 11073753[Link]; page 390
144; Zinc gluconate lozenges for treating the common cold. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Author: Mossad SB, Macknin ML, Medendorp SV, Mason P. Journal: Ann Intern Med; 1996 Jul 15; 125(2):81-8. PubMed ID: 8678384 [Link]; page 390
145 KIEV, Dec 3 (Reuters); page [Link]; page 391
146 Use of masks by health-workers in flu pandemics: WHO; Nov 2005. [Link]; page 391
147 Image of influenza virus redrawn from Murphy, B.R. and Webster, R.G. (1996) Orthomyxoviruses. In: Fields Virology (Ed. B. N. Fields, K., D.M., Howley, P.M.) Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia. 1353-1445.[Link]; page 391
Toxoplasmosis; Cytomegalovirus (CMV)148 Antigenaemia and antibody response to Toxoplasma gondii in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Author: Malla N, Sengupta C, Dubey ML, Sud A, Dutta U. Journal: Br J Biomed Sci; 2005; 62(1):19-23. PubMed ID: 15816207 [Link]; page 392
149; page [Congenital toxoplasmosis: possibilities for laboratory diagnosis] Author: Cerm“v”, Pr“l P, Ryskov”. Journal: Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol; 2005 Apr; 54(2):75-7. PubMed ID: 16050546 [Link]; page 392
150 GATSanford 2000 page 90; page 392
151 GAT Sanford 2000 page 90; page 392
152 D Lowance nejm 1999 340 1462 [@10320384]; page 392
153 Image of toxoplama lifecycle redrawn from Fernando Monroy [Link]; page 393
154 J Flegr 1996 J Parasitology 113:49 [Link]; page 393
155 RE Holliman 1997 35:105 [Link]; page 393
156 Image of toxoplasma retinitis courtesy of Prof J Trobe [Link]; page 393
157 Image of CMV retinitis courtesy of Prof J Trobe [Link]; page 393
158 Image of congenital toxoplasmosis courtesy of Prof J Trobe [Link]; page 393
Viral hepatitis
159 ME Mailliard 2003 NEJM 348:848-850 [Link]?; page 394
160 H Yang 2002 NEJM 347:168-174 [Link]?; page 394
161 The HPA says 200,00 infections in England & Wales. Prof William Rosenberg says 466,000--but could be as high as 1 million. See Doctor 2006 4 April p 13 [no link]; page 394
162 E Jaeckel 2001 NEJM 345:1452; page [Link]?; page 394
163 MW Fried 2002 NEJM 347:975 [Link]?; page 394
164 Chronic hepatitis C in patients with HIV/AIDS: a new challenge in antiviral therapy. Journal: J Antimicrob Chemother; 2005 Nov 24; ():. PubMed ID: 16308419. [Link]; page 395Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)165 Relentless rise of Aids as HIV infections top 40m; Sam Lister [Link]; page 396
166 The incidence of new HIV infections in the UK was 4400 in 2001; this figure will rise as more infections are reported. See the full breakdown in the report link below:www.phls.org.uk/topics_az/hiv_and_sti/publications/hiv_annual_2002.pdf; page 396
167 HIV transmission among men who have sex with men through oral sex; V L Gilbart. Sex Transm Infect 2004;80:324; page [Link]; page 396
168 Oral sex may be important risk factor for HIV infection; Scott Gottlieb. BMJ 2000;320:400 ( 12 February ); page [Link]; page 396
169 The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved a new rapid HIV diagnostic test kit that provides results with 99.6 percent accuracy in as little as 20 minutes. [Link]; page 396
170 Wright AA 2006 NEJM 354 448 Home Testing for HIV; page [Link]; page 396
171 In one study in Ugands, the time to death was 6.9yrs for subtype D, vs 8.8yrs for type A [Link]; page 396
172 Sources of AIDS awareness among women in India. Author: Pallikadavath S, Sreedharan C, Stones RW. Journal: AIDS Care; 2006 Jan; 18(1):44-8. PubMed ID: 16282075. [Link]; page 396
173 AIDS activists take over Family Research Council to Protest Abstinence-Only Programs [Link]; page 396
174 Male Circumcision Thwarts HIV Infection. Jon Cohen. Science. Washington: Aug 5, 2005.Vol.309, Iss. 5736;; page 860, 1 pgs; page [Link]; page 396
175 Burden of diseases in poor resource countries: meeting the challenges of combating HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria. Author: Mhalu FS. Journal: Tanzan Health Res Bull; 2005 Sep; 7(3):179-84. PubMed ID: 16941945. [Link]; page 397
176 Brit. Thoracic Soc. advice 1992 bmj i 1231; page 397
177 E Ong 1992 bmj i 1567; page 397
178 The Lancet 2006; 367:944-945; page DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68387-6 Safety, effectiveness, and outcomes of concomitant use of highly active antiretroviral therapy with drugs for tuberculosis in resource-poor settings. Prof Anthony D Harries [Link]; page 397
179 The Lancet 2006; 367:944-945; page DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68387-6 Safety, effectiveness, and outcomes of concomitant use of highly active antiretroviral therapy with drugs for tuberculosis in resource-poor settings. Prof Anthony D Harries [Link]; page 397
180 ED Chan 2002 BMJ 325:1282-1286 [Link]; page 397
181 E Ong 1992 bmj i 1567; page 397
182 G Yamey 2003 BMJ 326:606 [Link]; page 397
183 P Brown 2000 BMJ 320:821 [Link]; page 397
184 M Iseman 1993 NEJM 329: 784. See also: British Thoracic Society Guidelines for TB Treatment: Thorax 1998 53 536-48; page 397
185 A Catanzaro and P Wenger 1995 Lancet 345 204 & 235; page 397
Complications of HIV infection
186 For an excellent review of prophylaxis against opportunistic infections in HIV, see JA Kovacs 2000 NEJM 342:1416 [Link]?; page 398
187 M Wafaa 2000 nejm 342 1085 [Link]; page 398
188 Effectiveness of twice-weekly pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine as primary prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and toxoplasmic encephalitis in patients with advanced HIV infection. Author: Sch“rmann D, Bergmann F, Albrecht H, Padberg J, W”nsche T, Gr”newald T, Sch“rmann M, Grobusch M, Vall“M, Ruf B, Suttorp N. Journal: Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis; 2002 May; 21(5):353-61. PubMed ID: 12072919. [Link]; page 398
189 JA Kovacs 2000 NEJM 324:1416 [Link]?; page 398
190 Hammer SM 2005 NEJM 353 1702 [Link]; page 399
191 Image of Pneumocystis carinii [fluorescent stain] x 400; courtesy of Subhash K. Mohan [Link]; page 399
192 Image of cryptococcus neoformans courtesy of Dr M McGinnis [Link]; page 399
193 Link not available; page 399
194 Link not available; page 399What every doctor should know about HIV
195 Internat. aids soc & uk 1997 Guidelines“see P Easterbrook 1997 bmj ii 557; page 400
196 Link not available; page 401
197 Link not available; page 401
198 Reservoirs, sanctuaries, and residual disease: the hiding spots of HIV-1.; page Pomerantz RJ. HIV Clin Trials; 4:137-43. [Link]; page 401
199 NEJM 2004M Greenberg. Resistence to enfuvirtide; page [Link]; page 401
200 The Lancet 2005; 366:549-555. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67098-5. Depletion of latent HIV-1 infection in vivo: a proof-of-concept study. Ginger Lehrman [Link]; page 401
201 Link not available; page 401
202 Link not available; page 401
203 Total lymphocyte counts and ART in resource-limited settings. D Moore 2006 Lancet 366 1831.[Link]; page 401
(footnote) Current issues in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 infection. Author: Newell ML. Journal: Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg; 2006 Jan; 100(1):1-5. PubMed ID: 16214193 [Link]; page 400
Antiretroviral agents
204 Link not available; page 402
205 Tenofovir DF, emtricitabine, and efavirenz vs. zidovudine, lamivudine, and efavirenz for HIV. Author: Gallant JE, DeJesus E, Arribas JR, Pozniak AL, Gazzard B, Campo RE, Lu B, McColl D, Chuck S, Enejosa J, Toole JJ, Cheng AK, Study 934 Group . Journal: N Engl J Med; 2006 Jan 19; 354(3):251-60. PubMed ID: 16421366. [Link]; page 402
206 Guidelines on when to start HIV therapy are constantly changing .For latest information, see British HIV Association (BHIVA) guidelines. www.bhiva.org; page 402
207 Recommended therapy is constantly changing. For the latest recommended combinations of antiretrovirals, see the latest British National Fomulary www.bnf.org; page 402
208 Emtricitabine, a New Antiretroviral Agent with Activity against HIV and Hepatitis B Virus. Author: Saag MS. Journal: Clin Infect Dis; 2006 Jan 1; 42(1):126-31. PubMed ID: 16323102. [Link]; page 402
209 S Walmsley 2002 NEJM 346:2039 [Link]?; page 402
210 S Piscitelli 2001 NEJM 344: 984 [Link]?; page 402
211 RJC Gilson 2001 BMJ 322:1160-1164 [Link]; page 402
212 Online HIV textbook: HIV medicine; Christian Hoffmann et al. 2005 [Link]; page 403
213 Treatment strategies for highly treatment-experienced HIV-infected patients. Author: Luber AD. Journal: Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther; 2005 Oct; 3(5):815-23. PubMed ID: 16207173. [Link]; page 403
214 Simplification therapy with once-daily didanosine, tenofovir and efavirenz in HIV-1-infected adults with viral suppression receiving a more complex antiretroviral regimen: final results of the EFADITE trial. Author: Barrios A, Negredo E, Domingo P, Estrada V, Labarga P, Asensi V, Morales D, Santos J, Clotet B, Soriano V, EFADITE Study Group . Journal: Antivir Ther; 2005; 10(7):825-32. PubMed ID: 16312178. [Link]; page 403
215 Lancet 2005; Maintaining anti-AIDS commitment post ‘3 by 5’. Nov 26 366 205 [Link]; page 403
216 BBC item: Kenya struggles to combat HIV [Link]; page 403
217 Lancet 2005 p 891 &: A prospective survey of the outcome of pregnancy in a rural area of the Gambia. Author: Greenwood AM, Greenwood BM, Bradley AK, Williams K, Shenton FC, Tulloch S, Bypass P, Oldfield FS. Journal: Bull World Health Organ; 1987; 65(5):635-43. PubMed ID: 3501343[Link]; page 403
Sexually transmitted infections/diseases (STI/STD)
218 Health protection agency [Link]; page 404
219 D Scholes 1996 NEJM 334:1362; page 404
220 Link not available; page 404
221 Lymphogranuloma venereum proctitis: An emerging sexually transmitted disease in HIV-positive men in the Netherlands. Author: Perenboom RM. Journal: Drugs Today (Barc); 2006 Mar; 42 Suppl A():43-5. PubMed ID: 16683043. [Link]; page 404
222 Link not available; page 405
223 Health Protection Agency [Link]; page 405
224 Final draft review 2 (Chlamydial infection screening) [Link]; page 405
Vaginal discharge and urethritis
225 Image of Trichomonas vaginalis courtesy of Prof S Upton, Kansas University [Link]; page 406
226 An Atlas of Bedside Microscopy; JM Longmore RGGP; page [Link]; page 406
227 Ciprofloxacin resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in England and Wales in 2002. Author: Fenton KA, Ison C, Johnson AP, Rudd E, Soltani M, Martin I, Nichols T, Livermore DM, GRASP collaboration . Journal: Lancet; 2003 May 31; 361(9372):1867-9. PubMed ID: 12788575. [Link]; page 407
Miscellaneous Gram positive material
228 One study in Chicargo fount time in hospital increased by 3-fold (to 14.3 days); death rate 11% [No Link: LT 9/8/2005 20]; page 408
229 Link not available; page 408
230 Image of streptococcal lymphangitis in a diabetic patient courtesy of Prof David Handley [Link]; page 408
231 Supplied by Prof RL Vollum to Churchill, and thence USA, thence Iraq [batch 14578] [No link--see The Times for Aug 9th 2005 p
19 col 1]; page 409
232 S Antoniu 2000 Lancet 356 664; page 409
233 S Tabaqchali 1997 Lancet 350 1644; page 409
234 Dose not in bnf, see N Beeching Infectious Diseases 1994 Wolfe; page 409
235 Increased reports of suspected cases of wound botulism among injecting drug users during 2004. Current Issue: Volume 15 Number 27 Published on: 7 July 2005 [Link]; page 409
236 F Charlton 1994 bmj i 1060; page 409
(footnote) S Chang 2003 NEJM 348 1342 [?no link]; page 408Miscellaneous gram negative bacteria 237; Changes in antibiotic resistance of the most common Gram-negative bacteria isolated in intensive care units. Author: Makedou KG, Tsiakiri EP, Bisiklis AG, Chatzidimitriou M, Halvantzis AA, Ntoutsou K, Alexiou-Daniel S. Journal: J Hosp Infect; 2005 Jul; 60(3):245-8. PubMed ID: 15890431 [Link]; page 410
238 Link not available; page 410
239 D Dennis 1994 bmj ii 893; page 410
240 G Luzzi 1993 Tr Roy Soc Trop Med Hy 87 138; page 410
241 GAT(Sanford) 2003 and PIDJ (1998) 17:447; page 410
242 Resurgence of pertussis in Europe. Author: Celentano LP, Massari M, Paramatti D, Salmaso S, Tozzi AE, EUVAC-NET Group . Journal: Pediatr Infect Dis J; 2005 Sep; 24(9):761-5. PubMed ID: 16148840. [Link]; page 410
243 See FE Udwadia 2003 in Oxford Textbook of Medicine (4th Ed), OUP, p545; page 411
Tetanus
244 doh 1996; the 65-yr booster is not doh advice, but is reckoned cost-effective ($4527/life saved vs $8000/life saved for hypertension screening“C Bowman 1996 Lancet 348 1664; this regimen may still be inadequate for some“R Sehgal 1997 Lancet 349 573); page 412
245 For an excellent review of typhoid fever, see CM Parry 2002 NEJM 347:1770 [Link]?; page 412
246 Image of opisthotonus in tetanus. Courtesy of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Copyright-free [Link]; page 413
Enteric fever; Bacillary dysentery; Cholera
247 G Rabbani 2000 nejm 342 345 & Cholera Group 1993 Lancet 342 387 & S Gore 1992 bmj i 287 Pre-cooked, pre-packaged hydrolysed rice-based fluid is available.; page 414
248 See Sanford guide to antimicrobial therapy (2003) p12; page 414
249 M Levine 1997 Lancet 349 220, 231; page 414
250 WHO epidemiological data on Leprosy [Link]; page 414
251 Secret of ancient Athens plague is being unraveled [Link]; page 415
252 Pericles oration--Thucydides; page [Link]; page 415
(footnote) Dulce et decorum est [Link]; page 415
(footnote) J Snow 1854 Med Times Gaz 9 321, quoted by H Brody 2000 Lancet 356 64 [Link]; page 415
(footnote) R Cooter 2006 Lancet 367 1648 & The Medical Detective: John Snow and the Mystery of Cholera, Sandra Hempel, Granta Books, 2006. [Link]; page 415
Leprosy
253 K Meeran 1989 bmj i 364; page 416
254 mf Waters 1993 Tr Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg 87 500; page 416
255 D Lockwood 2002 BMJ 324:1516; page [Link]; page 416
256 DermRounds [Link]; page 417
Spirochaetes
257 For a review of Lyme disease, see AC Steere 2001 NEJM 345:115; page 418
258 DA Warrell ‘Other borrelia infections’ in Oxford Textbook of Medicine, 4th Ed OUP 2002www.oup.co.uk; page 418
259 Image of T pallidum courtesy of Prof Steven R. Spilatro; Ohio [Link]; page 419
261 The re-emergence of syphilis in the United Kingdom: the new epidemic phases. Author: Simms I, Fenton KA, Ashton M, Turner KM, Crawley-Boevey EE, Gorton R, Thomas DR, Lynch A, Winter A, Fisher MJ, Lighton L, Maguire HC, Solomou M. Journal: Sex Transm Dis; 2005 Apr; 32(4):220-6. PubMed ID: 15788919. [Link]; page 419
262 No link available; page 419
263 Nodular secondary syphilis [Link]; page 419Poliomyelitis; Rabies; Viral haemorrhagic (and related) fevers
264 No link available; page 420
265 No link available; page 420
266 No link available; page 420
267 No link available; page 420
268 No link available; page 421
269 No link available; page 421
270 No link available; page 421
271 No link available; page 421
272 No link available; page 421
274 No link available; page 421
Arthropod-borne bacteria
274 No link available; page 421
275 No link available; page 422
276 No link available; page 422
277 No link available; page 423
278 No link available; page 423
279 No link available; page 423
280 No link available; page 423
281 No link available; page 423
282 No link available; page 423
283 No link available; page 423
284 No link available; page 423
285 No link available; page 423
Some gastrointestinal protozoa
286 No link available; page 424
287 No link available; page 424
288 No link available; page 424
289 No link available; page 425
290 No link available; page 425
291 No link available; page 425
Trypansomiasis
292 No link available; page 426
293 No link available; page 426
294 No link available; page 426
295 Chemotherapy of trypanosomiases and leishmaniasis. Author: Croft SL, Barrett MP, Urbina JA. Journal: Trends Parasitol; 2005 Nov; 21(11):508-12. PubMed ID: 16150644 [Link]; page 426
296 No link available; page 426
297 A Stich ‘Human African Trypnosomiasis’ in Oxford Textbook of Medicine, 4th Ed, OUP 2002www.oup.co.uk; page 426
Leishmaniasis
298 L. donovani image by kind permission of Prof S Upton of Kansas University; page [Link]; page 427
299 No link available; page 427
300 No link available; page 427
301 D Sacks 1995 Lancet 345 959; page 427
302 S Sundar 1998 BMJ i 563 4 J Rosenblatt 1999 Mayo Clin Proc 74 1161 [@10560606]; page 427
303 GATSandford 2000 98 & S Teklemariam 1994 Tr Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg 88 334; page 427
304 GATSandford 2000 98 & S Teklemariam 1994 Tr Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg 88 334; page 427
305 J Rosenblatt 1999 Mayo Clin Proc 74 1161 [@10560606]; page 427
306 Treatment is with intravenous voriconazole (two doses of 6 mg per kilogram of body weight on day 1, then 4 mg per kilogram twice daily for at least seven days) followed by 200 mg orally twice daily. See; page R Herbrecht 2002 NEJM 347:408-415 [Link]?; page 427
(footnote) Atypical American visceral leishmaniasis caused by disseminated Leishmania amazonensis infection presenting with hepatitis and adenopathy. Author: Aleixo JA, Nascimento ET, Monteiro GR, Fernandes MZ, Ramos AM, Wilson ME, Pearson RD, Jeronimo SM. Journal: Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg; 2006 Jan; 100(1):79-82. PubMed ID: 16198385. [Link]; page 427Fungi
307 No link available; page 428
308 No link available; page 428
309 Aspergillus brain abscess in a patient with acute myeloid leukaemia successfully treated with voriconazole. Author: Wandroo F, Stableforth P, Hasan Y. Journal: Clin Lab Haematol; 2006 Apr; 28(2):130-3. PubMed ID: 16630219. [Link]; page 428
310 J Lipman 1997 bmj i 266; page 428
311 No link available; page 428
312 No link available; page 429
313 No link available; page 429
314 No link available; page 429
315 No link available; page 429
316 No link available; page 429
317 No link available; page 429
318 No link available; page 429
319 No link available; page 429
320 No link available; page 429
321 No link available; page 429
Nematodes (round worms)
322 No link available; page 430
323 No link available; page 430
324 Image of Ascaris lumbricoides worm kindly supplied by prof S Upton of Kansas University. The worm measured nearly 18 cm (7 inches) in length; and is a male, as it has a hooked tail.; page [Link]; page 430
325 No link available; page 43027
326 Dracunculiasis eradication: the final inch. Author: Hopkins DR, Ruiz-Tiben E, Downs P, Withers PC, Maguire JH. Journal: Am J Trop Med Hyg; 2005 Oct; 73(4):669-75. PubMed ID: 16222007. [Link]; page 430
327 No link available; page 431
328 P Sapak 2000 P N G Med J 43:213 (Medline 11939303); page 431
329 No link available; page 427Cestodes (tapeworms)
330 A trial of antiparasitic treatment to reduce the rate of seizures due to cerebral cysticercosis. Author: Garcia HH, Pretell EJ, Gilman RH, Martinez SM, Moulton LH, Del Brutto OH, Herrera G, Evans CA, Gonzalez AE, Cysticercosis Working Group in Peru. Journal: N Engl J Med; 2004 Jan 15; 350(3):249-58. PubMed ID: 14724304. [Link]; page 432
331 No link available; page 432
332 Image of entire hydatid worm (Echinococcus) by kind permission of Prof S Upton of Kansas University. [Link]; page 432
333 No link available; page 432
Trematodes (flukes)(footnote) Sotelo 2003 BMJ 326 511 Neurocysticercosis. Eradication of cysticercosis is an attainable goal [Link]; page 432 334 Image of S mansoni male on female, mating, and eggs of S. mansoni (sublateral spine) and S. haematobium (terminal spine) by kind permission of Prof S Upton of Kansas University [Link]; page 433
335 Artemether as adjuvant therapy to praziquantel in murine Egyptian schistosomiasis mansoni. Author: Mahmoud MR, Botros SS. Journal: J Parasitol; 2005 Feb; 91(1):175-8. PubMed ID: 15856895.[Link]; page 433
336 Clonorchis sinensis. Permission from; page Pro Upton for all eds [Link]; page 433
Exotic infections
337 eMedicine Mycobacterium marinum infection of the skin 2005 [Link]; page 434
338 Pasteurella multocida pneumonia in an adolescent with duchenne’s muscular dystrophy following exposure to his helper dog; page Fida Bacha,; page Joseph B Domachowske. Clinical Pediatrics. Glen Head: Mar 2001.Vol.40, Iss. 3;; page 159, 3 pgs; page [Link]; page 434
339 Riley PL, Chomel BB. Hedgehog zoonoses Emerg Infect Dis [serial on the Internet]. 2005 Jan[Link]; page 434
340 Pasteurella multocida respiratory infection: An important cat-associated zoonosis Ryland P Byrd Jr,; page Thomas M Roy. Archives of Internal Medicine. Chicago: May 26, 2003.Vol.163, Iss. 10; 1239[Link]; page 435
341 Pasteurella multocida meningitis: case report and review of the literature.; page Author: O’Neill E, Moloney A, Hickey M.; page Journal: J Infect; 2005 May; 50(4):344-5. PubMed ID: 15845433. [Link]; page 435
342 Cutaneous protothecosis: Report of the second Brazilian case; page Ivonise Follador,; page Achillea Bittencourt,; page Fernanda Duran,; page Maria Das Gracas Araujo. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo. Sao Paulo: Sep/Oct 2001.Vol.43, Iss. 5;; page 287, 4 pgs; page[Link]; page 435
343 eMedicine 2004-5 [Link]; page 435
344 Rothia dentocariosa, endocarditis and mycotic aneurysms: case report and review of the literature. Author: Boudewijns M, Magerman K, Verhaegen J, Debrock G, Peetermans WE, Donkersloot P, Mewis A, Peeters V, Rummens JL, Cartuyvels R. Journal: Clin Microbiol Infect; 2003 Mar; 9(3):222-9. PubMed ID: 12667255 [Link]; page 435
345 A Man With a Reddish Stained Washcloth Kaare Weismann,; page Anne-Grethe Poulsen,; page Alice-Friis M“ller,; page Takasi Kobayashi. Archives of Dermatology. Chicago: Jun 2005.Vol.141, Iss. 6;; page 795; page [Link]; page 435
Chapter 11: Neurology
Neurology
1 Images redrawn from \“Mapping the mind\” Rita Carter, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1998 [Link]; page 436
The chief questions of bedside neurology
2; Breathing control in neurological diseases. Author: Nogues MA, Roncoroni AJ, Benarroch E. Journal: Clin Auton Res; 2002 Dec; 12(6):440-9. PubMed ID: 12598948 &: Prof J Feldman 2005 Nature Neuroscience [Link]; page 438
3; Autism Linked To Poor Communication Between Brain Areas. G Bird, 2006 Neuroimage [Link]; page 438
Cerebral artery territories
6 Image of middle cerebral artery [MCA]aneurysm in a post-mortem specimen’ courtesy of Danil Hammoundi; page [Link]; page 440
7 Image of CT of posterior cerebral artery inface courtest of Prof J Trobe. [Link]; page 441
Drugs and the nervous system
8 Newer antidepressants [Link]; page 442
9 Biochemical Pharmacology of Midbrain Dopamine Neurons. 2000 Neuropsychopharmacology [Link]; page 442
10 Augmentation of antidepressant therapy with 5-HT autoreceptor antagonists: receptor autoradiographic studies of pindolol [Link]; page 442
11 Mol Psychiatry 1998 Mar;3(2):135-40 Mol Psychiatry. 1998 Mar;3(2):101-2. A new framework for investigating antipsychotic action in humans: lessons from PET imaging. Kapur S. [Link]; page 442
12 Gambling on dopamine Peter Shizgal,; page Andreas Arvanitogiannis. Science. Washington: Mar 21, 2003.Vol.299, Iss. 5614;; page pg. 1856, 3 pgs [Link]; page 443
13 Acamprosate for the treatment of alcohol dependence. Author: Boothby LA, Doering PL. Journal: Clin Ther; 2005 Jun; 27(6):695-714. PubMed ID: 16117977 [Link]; page 443
14 No link available; page 443
(footnote) Oral topiramate for treatment of alcohol dependence: a randomised controlled trial. Author: Johnson BA, Ait-Daoud N, Bowden CL, DiClemente CC, Roache JD, Lawson K, Javors MA, Ma JZ. Journal: Lancet; 2003 May 17; 361(9370):1677-85. PubMed ID: 12767733. [Link]; page 443
Testing peripheral nerves
15 J Hand Surg [Am] 1980 Nov;5(6):560-5 Crossed fingers and other tests of ulnar nerve motor function. Earle AS [Link]; page 444
16 J Hand Surg [Br] 1998 Apr;23(2):240-1 Finger flexion sign for ulnar neuropathy. Tsujino A [Link]; page 444
17 Anatomy lesson [Link]; page 445
Dermatomes
18 Neuroanatomy lessons: Weakness; Myopathy, Anterior horn cell disease, Neuropathies et al [Link]; page 446
Headache
19 BMJ ed A revised classification of headache disorders. BMJ; page 2004;328:119-120 (17 January)[Link]; page 448
20 Personal histories of cluster headache [Link]; page 449
21 BASH guideline for giving O
2 in cluster headache [Link]; page 449
22; [Dental trigeminal neuralgia] Author: J“rgens J. Journal: Schmerz; 1998 Dec 9; 12(6):411-3. PubMed ID: 12799956. [Link]; page 449
23; The importance of routine magnetic resonance imaging in trigeminal neuralgia diagnosis. Author: Goh BT, Poon CY, Peck RH. Journal: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod; 2001 Oct; 92(4):424-9. PubMed ID: 11598578 [Link]; page 449
24 Trigeminal neuralgia associated with achondroplasia. Case report with literature review. Author: Takada Y, Morimoto T, Sugawara T, Ohno K. Journal: Acta Neurochir (Wien); 2001 Nov; 143(11):1173-6. PubMed ID: 11731870 [Link]; page 449
25; The importance of routine magnetic resonance imaging in trigeminal neuralgia diagnosis. Author: Goh BT, Poon CY, Peck RH. Journal: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod; 2001 Oct; 92(4):424-9. PubMed ID: 11598578 [Link]; page 449
Migraine
26 Headache. 2003 Jul-Aug;43(7):704 2003 Wolff Award: Possible parasympathetic contributions to peripheral and central sensitization during migraine--Yarnitsky D--and; page [Link] [Link]; page 450
27 P Goadsby NEJM 2002 346 257 [?no link]; page 450
28 No link available; page 450
29 No link available; page 450
30; page Arch Neurol. 2004 Apr;61(4):490-5. Topiramate in migraine prevention: results of a large controlled trial. Silberstein SD [Link]; page 450
31 M Dib 2003 Headache 43 299 [no link?]; page 450
32 No link available; page 450
33; page Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Rizatriptan and Sumatriptan versus Cafergot((R)) in the Acute Treatment of Migraine. Author: Zhang L, Hay JW. Journal: CNS Drugs; 2005; 19(7):635-42. PubMed ID: 15984898. [Link]; page 450
34 Serial MRI in a case of familial hemiplegic migraine. Author: Butteriss DJ, Ramesh V, Birchall D. Journal: Neuroradiology; 2003 May; 45(5):300-3. PubMed ID: 12669159 [Link]; page 451
35 Exp Brain Res 2002 Jul;145(2):177-81 Modulation of visual cortical excitability in migraine with aura: effects of 1 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Brighina F [Link]; page 451
36 Rev Hosp Clin Fac Med Sao Paulo 2002 Nov-Dec;57(6):293-8 New migraine preventive options: an update with pathophysiological considerations. Bigal ME [Link]; page 451
37 The Headache of SAH responds to sumatriptan. Author: Rosenberg JH, Silberstein SD. Journal: Headache; 2005 May; 45(5):597-8. PubMed ID: 15953279 [Link]; page 451
38 Clinical holistic medicine: the patient with multiple diseases. Author: Ventegodt S, Merrick J. Journal: ScientificWorldJournal; 2005 Apr 12; 5():324-39. PubMed ID: 15962199. [Link]; page 451
39 J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1998 Oct;21(8):511-9 The efficacy of spinal manipulation, amitriptyline and the combination of both therapies for the prophylaxis of migraine headache. Nelson CF [Link]; page 451
40 CNS Drugs 2002;16(9):611-34 New and emerging prophylactic agents for migraine. Krymchantowski AV [Link]; page 451
41 No link available; page 451
42 A high incidence of migraine with aura among morbidly obese women. Author: Horev A, Wirguin I, Lantsberg L, Ifergane G. Journal: Headache; 2005 Jul; 45(7):936-8. PubMed ID: 15985113. [Link]; page 451
43 Migraine during pregnancy: options for therapy. Author: Fox AW, Diamond ML, Spierings EL. Journal: CNS Drugs; 2005; 19(6):465-81. PubMed ID: 15962998 [Link]; page 451
(footnote) Comparative aspects of triptans in treating migraine. Author: Adelman JU, Lewit EJ. Journal: Clin Cornerstone; 2001; 4(3):53-64. PubMed ID: 12739316 [Link]; page 450
(footnote) Almotriptan in migraine patients who respond poorly to oral sumatriptan: a double-blind, randomized trial. Author: Diener HC, Gendolla A, Gebert I, Beneke M. Journal: Headache; 2005 Jul; 45(7):874-82. PubMed ID: 15985104 [Link]; page 450~Blackouts (footnote) Body surface distribution and response to drugs of ST segment elevation in Brugada syndrome: clinical implication of eighty-seven-lead body surface potential mapping and its application to twelve-lead electrocardiograms. Author: Shimizu W, Matsuo K, Takagi M, Tanabe Y, Aiba T, Taguchi A, Suyama K, Kurita T, Aihara N, Kamakura S. Journal: J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol; 2000 Apr; 11(4):396-404. PubMed ID: 10809492 [Link]; page 452
(footnote) Tilt test for the evaluation of syncope of unknown origin] Author: Muratore C, Rabinovich R, Valentino M, Baranchuk A, Liprandi AS. Journal: Medicina (B Aires); 1997; 57(2):139-42. PubMed ID: 9532822. [Link]; page 452
Diziness and vertigo
44 Case 72 Cerebella-pontine angle tumours [Link]; page 454
Hearing lossNo links
Tinnitis
45 Long-term effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in patients with chronic tinnitus. Author: Kleinjung T, Eichhammer P, Langguth B, Jacob P, Marienhagen J, Hajak G, Wolf SR, Strutz J. Journal: Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg; 2005 Apr; 132(4):566-9. PubMed ID: 15806046 [Link]; page 456
46 Otolaryngol Pol. 2002;56(2):213.Tinnitus in systemic diseases--Nowak K [Link]; page 456
47; page Lancet. 2003 Jul 26;362(9380):292 Tinnitus after cycling--Lanczik O [Link]; page 456
48 No link available; page 456
49 J Otolaryngol. 2001 Oct;30(5):300 Efficacy of amitriptyline in the treatment of subjective tinnitus. Bayar N [Link]; page 456
50; page Arch Intern Med. 1993 Oct 11;153(19):2251-9 A randomized trial of nortriptyline for severe chronic tinnitus. Effects on depression, disability, and tinnitus symptoms--Sullivan M [Link]; page 456
51 Long-term effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in patients with chronic tinnitus. Author: Kleinjung T, Eichhammer P, Langguth B, Jacob P, Marienhagen J, Hajak G, Wolf SR, Strutz J. Journal: Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg; 2005 Apr; 132(4):566-9. PubMed ID: 15806046 [Link]; page 458
Weak legs and cord compression
52 Eur Radiol. 1999;9(7):1252 Spinal cord tumors--Baleriaux DL [Link]; page 459
53 Surg Neurol. 1988 Sep;30(3):220 Metastases of the spinal cord from remote neoplasms. Study of five cases--Tognetti F [Link]; page 459
54; page Br J Neurosurg. 2002 Jun;16(3):296-300 Schistosoma haematobium presenting as an intrinsic conus tumour--Samandouras G [Link]; page 459
55 Dev Med Child Neurol. 1977 Feb;19(1):54 Bizarre posture and movement disorder with third ventricle astrocytoma--Hanson PA [Link]; page 459
56; page Neurol. 1991 Jun;238(3):140 How to identify psychogenic disorders of stance and gait. A video study in 37 patients--Lempert T [Link]; page 459
Abnormal involuntary movements (dyskinesia)57 Movement disorders: classifications. Author: Klein C. Journal: J Inherit Metab Dis; 2005; 28(3):425-39. PubMed ID: 15868475 [Link]; page 460
58 J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1999 Nov;67(5):646-50. Re-emergent tremor of Parkinson’s disease. Jankovic J [Link]; page 460
59 No link available; page 460
60 Tardive Dystonia. Journal: Curr Treat Options Neurol; 2005 May; 7(3):231-236. PubMed ID: 15814076 [Link]; page 460
61; page Beneficial effect of donepezil in the treatment of elderly patients with tardive movement disorders. Author: Bergman J, Dwolatzky T, Brettholz I, Lerner V. Journal: J Clin Psychiatry; 2005 Jan; 66(1):107-10. PubMed ID: 15669896 [Link]; page 460
62 Tetrabenazine treatment in movement disorders. Author: Paleacu D, Giladi N, Moore O, Stern A, Honigman S, Badarny S. Journal: Clin Neuropharmacol; 2004 Sep-Oct; 27(5):230-3. PubMed ID: 15602104 [Link]; page 460
63 Patient’s forums [Link]; page 461
64 Microelectrode-guided implantation of deep brain stimulators into the globus pallidus internus for dystonia: techniques, electrode locations, and outcomes. Author: Starr PA, Turner RS, Rau G, Lindsey N, Heath S, Volz M, Ostrem JL, Marks WJ. Journal: Neurosurg Focus; 2004 Jul 15; 17(1):E4. PubMed ID: 15264773. [Link]; page 461
65 Ritual Relieved Axial Dystonia Triggered by Gaze-Evoked Amaurosis. American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 314(5):348-350, November 1997. JACOME, DANIEL E. MD [Link]; page 461
66 No link available; page 461
67 Scott Adams, Drawing the Line [Link]; page 461
68 Specific muscle EMG biofeedback for hand dystonia. Author: Deepak KK, Behari M. Journal: Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback; 1999 Dec; 24(4):267-80. PubMed ID: 10789003 [Link]; page 461
69 J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2001;71:413-41 Obsessive-compulsive characteristics in patients with writer’s cramp [Link]; page 461
70; page Modulation of electromyographic activity of wrist flexor and extensor muscles in patients with writer’s cramp. Author: Valls-Sol“, Hallett M. Journal: Mov Disord; 1995 Nov; 10(6):741-8. PubMed ID: 8749993. [Link]; page 461
71; page Movement-related electroencephalographic desynchronization in patients with hand cramps: evidence for motor cortical involvement in focal dystonia. Author: Toro C, Deuschl G, Hallett M. Journal: Ann Neurol; 2000 Apr; 47(4):456-61. PubMed ID: 10762156 [Link]; page 461
72 Specific muscle EMG biofeedback for hand dystonia. Author: Deepak KK, Behari M. Journal: Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback; 1999 Dec; 24(4):267-80. PubMed ID: 10789003. [Link]; page 461
(footnote) Paracelcus [Link]; page 460Stroke: clinical features and investigations
73 British Heart protection study, Lancet 2003 361 2005 [Link]; page 462
74 No link available; page 462
75 No link available; page 462
(footnote) The link between carotid artery disease and ischemic stroke may be partially attributable to autonomic dysfunction and failure of cerebrovascular autoregulation triggered by Darwinian maladaptation of the carotid baroreceptors and chemoreceptors. Author: Doux JD, Yun AJ. Journal: Med Hypotheses; 2006; 66(1):176-81. PubMed ID: 16274832. [Link]; page 462
(footnote) Carotid endarterectomy--an evidence-based review: report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Author: Chaturvedi S, Bruno A, Feasby T, Holloway R, Benavente O, Cohen SN, Cote R, Hess D, Saver J, Spence JD, Stern B, Wilterdink J, Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology . Journal: Neurology; 2005 Sep 27; 65(6):794-801. PubMed ID: 16186516. [Link]; page 462
Stroke: management and prevention
76 No link available; page 463
77 Prevention of thromboembolic events in atrial fibrillation. Author: Koefoed BG, Gull“v AL, Petersen P. Journal: Thromb Haemost; 1997 Jul; 78(1):377-81. PubMed ID: 9198182 [Link]; page 463
78 Stroke unit versus neurology ward--a before and after study. Author: Krespi Y, Gurol ME, Coban O, Tuncay R, Bahar S. Journal: J Neurol; 2003 Nov; 250(11):1363-9. PubMed ID: 14648154. [Link]; page 464
79 No link available; page 464
80 No link available; page 464
81 No link available; page 464
82 NATIONAL CLINICAL GUIDELINES FOR STROKE; RCP 2004 [Link]; page 464
83 Nice evidence is based on a single flawed and underpowered study--ESPS-2 (flawed as it used 50mg aspirin rather than 75mg). See Cost-effectiveness of antiplatelet agents in secondary stroke prevention: the limits of certainty. Author: Matchar DB, Samsa GP, Liu S. Journal: Value Health; 2005 Sep-Oct; 8(5):572-80. PubMed ID: 16176495. Also GP News 2005 p
4 [4 Nov) &: CMAJ 2005 173 1024-6 [Link]; page 464
84 Drug and Therapeutics Bulletin July 2005; 43 (7): 53-56 [no link]; page 464
(footnote) Folate, vitamin B
12, and risk of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke: a prospective, nested case-referent study of plasma concentrations and dietary intake. Author: Van Guelpen B, Hultdin J, Johansson I, Stegmayr B, Hallmans G, Nilsson TK, Weinehall L, Witth“ft C, Palmqvist R, Winkvist A. Journal: Stroke; 2005 Jul; 36(7):1426-31. PubMed ID: 15933256. [Link]; page 464
(footnote) Modest salt reduction lowers blood pressure in isolated systolic hypertension and combined hypertension. Author: He FJ, Markandu ND, MacGregor GA. Journal: Hypertension; 2005 Jul; 46(1):66-70. PubMed ID: 15956111 [Link]; page 464
Rehabilitation after stroke
85 No link available; page 466
86; page J Rehabil Med. 2003 Jul;35(4):180 Sitting up and transferring to a chair: two functional tests for patients with stroke--Sunnerhagen K [Link]; page 466
87; page Stroke. 2005 Jun;36(6):1330-40. Epub 2005 May 5. Frequency of depression after stroke: a systematic review of observational studies. Hackett ML [Link]; page 466
88 Technol Health Care 1999;7(6):419 Overview of clinical trials with MIT-MANUS: a robot-aided neuro-rehabilitation facility. Krebs H [Link]; page 466
89; page Nervenarzt 2003 Apr;74(4):334 New developments in stroke rehabilitation based on behavioral and neuroscientific principles: constraint-induced therapy Elbert T [Link]; page 466
90 S Luttrell 1999 bmj i 1710 & [Link]; page 466
(footnote) Screening for depression [Link]; page 466
(footnote) Psychological Bulletin 2006 132 180-211 &: Minerva 2006 BMJ 332 1102 [Link]; page 467
Transient ischaemic attack (TIA)91 No link available; page 468
92 Haematologia (Budap). 2001;31(2):153 Multiple myeloma in sickle cell syndromes--Kaloterakis A[Link]; page 468
93 No link available; page 468
94 No link available; page 468
95 Carotid endarterectomy--an evidence-based review: report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Author: Chaturvedi S, Bruno A, Feasby T, Holloway R, Benavente O, Cohen SN, Cote R, Hess D, Saver J, Spence JD, Stern B, Wilterdink J, Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology . Journal: Neurology; 2005 Sep 27; 65(6):794-801. PubMed ID: 16186516. [Link]; page 468
96 No link available; page 468
97; page Long-term survival and vascular event risk after transient ischaemic attack or minor ischaemic stroke: a cohort study. Author: van Wijk I, Kappelle LJ, van Gijn J, Koudstaal PJ, Franke CL, Vermeulen M, Gorter JW, Algra A, LiLAC study group . Journal: Lancet; 2005 Jul 7; 365(9477):2098-104. PubMed ID: 15964446 [Link]; page 468
98 A simple score (ABCD) to identify individuals at high early risk of stroke after transient ischaemic attack. Author: Rothwell PM, Giles MF, Flossmann E, Lovelock CE, Redgrave JN, Warlow CP, Mehta Z. Journal: Lancet; 2005 Jul 2; 366(9479):29-36. PubMed ID: 15993230 [Link]; page 469
99; page Timing of TIAs preceding stroke: time window for prevention is very short. Author: Rothwell PM, Warlow CP. Journal: Neurology; 2005 Mar 8; 64(5):817-20. PubMed ID: 15753415 [Link]; page 469
100 Management and outcomes of transient ischemic attacks in Ontario. Author: Gladstone DJ, Kapral MK, Fang J, Laupacis A, Tu JV. Journal: CMAJ; 2004 Mar 30; 170(7):1099-104. PubMed ID: 15051693[Link]; page 469Subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH)101 Image of left lateral hemisphere with SAH, courtesy of Danil Hammoudi [Link]; page 470
102 D Gaist 2000 bmj i 141 [Link]; page 470
103 No link available; page 470
104 No link available; page 470
105 No link available; page 470
106 Subarachnoid hemorrhage diagnosis by computed tomography and lumbar puncture: Are fifth generation CT scanners better at identifying subarachnoid hemorrhage? Author: Boesiger BM, Shiber JR. Journal: J Emerg Med; 2005 Jul; 29(1):23-7. PubMed ID: 15961003. [Link]; page 470
107 No link available; page 470
108 Endovascular treatment of posterior circulation aneurysms by electrothrombosis using electrically detachable coils. Author: Guglielmi G, Vi“uela F, Duckwiler G, Dion J, Lylyk P, Berenstein A, Strother C, Graves V, Halbach V, Nichols D. Journal: J Neurosurg; 1992 Oct; 77(4):515-24. PubMed ID: 1527608.[Link]; page 470
109 Britz, G.W. 2005. ISAT trial: Coiling or clipping for intracranial aneurysms? Lancet 366(Sept. 3):783-785. [Link]; page 470
110 The Lancet 2005; 366:809-817; DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67214-5. International subarachnoid aneurysm trial (ISAT) of neurosurgical clipping versus endovascular coiling in 2143 patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms: a randomised comparison of effects on survival, dependency, seizures, rebleeding, subgroups, and aneurysm occlusion [Link]; page 470
111 Endovascular management of intracerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Author: Marden FA, Roy SS. Journal: Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med; 2005 Jul; 7(3):197-209. PubMed ID: 16004851[Link]; page 470
112 No link available; page 471
113 No link available; page 471
114 ISUIA 2003 Lancet 362 103 and an editorial by White PM Lancet 2003 362 90; page [Link]; page 471
115; page Follow-up screening after subarachnoid haemorrhage: frequency and determinants of new aneurysms and enlargement of existing aneurysms. Journal: Brain; 2005 Jul 6; ():. PubMed ID: 16000333. [Link]; page 471
116 No link available; page 471
(footnote) Comparison of blood pressure-associated risk of intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage: Korea Medical Insurance Corporation study. Author: Kim HC, Nam CM, Jee SH, Suh I. Journal: Hypertension; 2005 Aug; 46(2):393-7. PubMed ID: 15998702 [Link]; page 471
Intracranial venous thrombosis
117 S Bruijn 1996 Lancet 348 1623 [Link]; page 472
118; page Importance of T
2*-weighted gradient-echo MRI for diagnosis of cortical vein thrombosis. Journal: Eur J Radiol; 2005 Jun 17. PubMed ID: 15967621. [Link]; page 472
119 Rinsho Shinkeigaku 1996 Nov;36(11):1234-9 [A case with an isolated cortical vein thrombosis] Adachi T [Link]; page 472
120; page Importance of T
2*-weighted gradient-echo MRI for diagnosis of cortical vein thrombosis. Journal: Eur J Radiol; 2005 Jun 17. PubMed ID: 15967621. [Link]; page 472
121; page [Galen vein thrombosis: case report] Author: Marques MC, Pires LA, Damasceno CA, Felo AC, Atala A, Franco GM. Journal: Arq Neuropsiquiatr; 2003 Jun; 61(2A):285-7. PubMed ID: 12806514.[Link]; page 472
122 Cerebral venous thrombosis associated with tentorial subdural hematoma during oxymetholone therapy. Author: Chu K, Kang DW, Kim DE, Roh JK. Journal: J Neurol Sci; 2001 Mar 15; 185(1):27-30. PubMed ID: 11266687 [Link]; page 472
123 Diabetic ketoacidosis presenting as a cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. Author: De Keyzer K, Paemeleire K, De Clerck M, Peeters D, De Reuck JL. Journal: Acta Neurol Belg; 2004 Sep; 104(3):117-20. PubMed ID: 15508266. [Link]; page 472
124; page Infliximab-induced cerebral thrombophlebitis. Author: Grange L, Nissen MJ, Garambois K, Dumolard A, Duc C, Gaudin P, Juvin R. Journal: Rheumatology (Oxford); 2005 Feb; 44(2):260-1. PubMed ID: 15637045 [Link]; page 472
125; page Cerebral venous thrombosis in four patients with multiple sclerosis. Author: Vandenberghe N, Debouverie M, Anxionnat R, Clavelou P, Bouly S, Weber M. Journal: Eur J Neurol; 2003 Jan; 10(1):63-6. PubMed ID: 12534995 [Link]; page 472
126 No link available; page 472
127 S Bruijn 1996 Lancet 348 1623 [Link]; page 472
128 No link available; page 472
129 Presse Med 1999 Sep 25;28(28):1547-52 [Cerebral venous thromboses] Masson C [Link]; page 472
130; [Serious cerebral venous thrombosis: can we use fibrinolytic?] Author: Lemarchand E, Letouze S, du Manoir B, Courtheoux P, Bricard H, Gerard JL. Journal: Ann Fr Anesth Reanim; 2003 Feb; 22(2):133-6. PubMed ID: 12706767. [Link]; page 472
131 Streptokinase in the treatment of venous sinus thrombosis: a case report. Author: Yang YH, Shih MC, Chou MS, Liu CK. Journal: Kaohsiung J Med Sci; 2003 Aug; 19(8):421-7. PubMed ID: 12962430.[Link]; page 472
(footnote) Causes and Predictors of Death in Cerebral Venous Thrombosis. Journal: Stroke; 2005 Jul 7; ():. PubMed ID: 16002765. [Link]; page 472Subdural haemorhage
132 Chronic subdural hematoma following dural metastasis of gastric cancer: measurement of pre- and postoperative cerebral blood flow with N-isopropyl-p-[123I]iodoamphetamine--case report. Author: Fukino K, Terao T, Kojima T, Adachi K, Teramoto A. Journal: Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo); 2004 Dec; 44(12):646-9. PubMed ID: 15684596 [Link]; page 474
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134 J Neurosurg. 2005 Feb;102(2):389. Subdural cysticercosis mimicking a chronic subdural hematoma. Case illustration. Im SH [Link]; page 474
135 Outcome of contemporary surgery for chronic subdural haematoma: evidence based review. Author: Weigel R, Schmiedek P, Krauss JK. Journal: J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry; 2003 Jul; 74(7):937-43. PubMed ID: 12810784. [Link]; page 474
136 Craniotomy for organized subdural hematoma. Author: Ohkawa T, Ogura M, Tanaka S, Terada T, Itakura T. Journal: No Shinkei Geka; 2005 Apr; 33(4):357-62. PubMed ID: 15830542 [Link]; page 474
Extradural (epidural) haemorrhage
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(footnote) Intracranial hypotension syndrome: a comprehensive review. MICHAEL PALDINO, M.D. [Link]; page 474
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Delirium (acute confusional state)
138 Joseph Conrad; _Heart of Darkness_ [Link]; page 476
139 Epilepsy and catalepsy in Anglo-American literature between romanticism and realism: Tennyson, Poe, Eliot and Collins. Wolf P. [Link]; page 477
140 NCSE post subarachnoid haemorrhage is refractory to therapy, and the prognosis is poor. Routine postoperative EEG monitoring of patients with SAH who are at high risk for NCSE, allowing earlier diagnosis and treatment, offers the best chance of improving outcomes [Link]; page 477
141 Acta Neurol Scand 2000 Nov;102(5):337-9 Non-convulsive status epilepticus with marked neuropsychiatric manifestations and MRI changes after treatment of hypercalcaem ia. [Link]; page 477
142 No link available; page 477
143 No link available; page 477
144 Ganser syndrome after solitary confinement in prison: a short review and a case report. Author: Andersen HS, Sestoft D, Lillebaek T. Journal: Nord J Psychiatry; 2001; 55(3):199-201. PubMed ID: 11827615 [Link]; page 477
145 Ganser syndrome The Lancet 2004; 364:471-473 [Link]; page 477
Demetia
146 Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(3):CD003672. Cholinesterase inhibitors for dementia with Lewy bodies--Wild R [Link]; page 478
147 chweiz Rundsch Med Prax 1999 Nov 4;88(45):1867 Vitamin B
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148; page Radiology. 2003 Aug;228(2):515 Cost-Effectiveness of PET in the Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease--McMahon PM [Link]; page 478
149 No link available; page 478
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151 Image of amyloid plaques in alzheimer’s diseaseMicromedex image [redrawn] [Link]; page 479
Alzheimer’s disease (AD)
152 No link available; page 480
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154 Different MRI findings for normal elderly and very mild Alzheimer’s disease in a community: Implications for clinical practice The Tajiri Project. Author: Ishii H, Meguro K, Yamaguchi S, Hirayama K, Tabuchi M, Mori E, Yamadori A. Journal: Arch Gerontol Geriatr; 2006 Jan-Feb; 42(1):59-71. PubMed ID: 16085324. [Link]; page 480
155 NEJM 348:2489-2490 Use It or Lose It ? Do Effortful Mental Activities Protect against Dementia? Joseph Coyle [Link]; page 480
156 CNS Drugs. 2003;17(1):27 The role of insulin resistance in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease: implications for treatment--Watson GS [Link]; page 480
157; page Stroke. 2003 Mar;34(3):594-9. Pulse pressure and risk of Alzheimer disease in persons aged 75 years and older. Qiu C, Winblad B, Viitanen M, Fratiglioni L. [Link]; page 480
158 A 20-week randomized controlled trial of estradiol replacement therapy for women aged 70 years and older: Effect on mood, cognition and quality of life. Author: Almeida OP, Lautenschlager NT, Vasikaran S, Leedman P, Gelavis A, Flicker L. Journal: Neurobiol Aging; 2006 Jan; 27(1):141-9. PubMed ID: 16298249. [Link]; page 480
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160 Pharmacological strategies for the prevention of Alzheimer’s disease. Author: Doraiswamy PM, Xiong GL. Journal: Expert Opin Pharmacother; 2006 Jan; 7(1):1-10. PubMed ID: 16370917. [Link]; page 480
161 Aging with Grace: ?The Nun Study? By David Snowdon [Link]; page 480
162 Music therapy in moderate and severe dementia of Alzheimer’s type: a case-control study. Journal: Int Psychogeriatr; 2006 Apr 18; ():1-9. PubMed ID: 16618375. [Link]; page 481
163 Ballard C Aromatherapy for Agitated patients [Link]; page 481
164 A randomized controlled trial of the effects of multi-sensory stimulation (MSS) for people with dementia. Author: Baker R, Bell S, Baker E, Gibson S, Holloway J, Pearce R, Dowling Z, Thomas P, Assey J, Wareing LA. Journal: Br J Clin Psychol; 2001 Mar; 40(Pt 1):81-96. PubMed ID: 11317951.[Link]; page 481
165 SIGN guideline 86 [Link]; page 481
166 M Gillick 2000 nejm 342 206 [Link]; page 481
167 Beneficial effect of cholinesterase inhibitor medications on recognition memory performance in mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease: preliminary findings. Author: Crowell TA, Paramadevan J, Abdullah L, Mullan M. Journal: J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol; 2006 Mar; 19(1):13-5. PubMed ID: 16449754. [Link]; page 481
168 Drug Ther Bul 2000 38 15; page 481
169 This quotation [‘Brighter, more motivated’ is from one of JML’s patients taking donepezil] [no link]; page 481
170 SIGN guideline 86 [Link]; page 481
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(footnote) [Glutamate-related excitoxicity neuroprotection with memantine, an uncompetitive antagonist of NMDA-glutamate receptor, in Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementiadisease and vascular dementia.] Author: Tanovic A, Alfaro V. Journal: Rev Neurol; 2006 May 16-31; 42(10):607-16. PubMed ID: 16703529. [Link]; page 481
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(footnote) Heart Failure and Risk of Dementia and Alzheimer Disease; page A Population-Based Cohort Study; Chengxuan Qiu; page [Link]; page 481Epilepsy: diagnosis
171 B Pohlmann 2006 BMJ 332 Feb 11 339 [Link]; page 483
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173 NICE 2004 advice [Link]; page 483
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176 Primary Care Guidelines for the Management of Females with Epilepsy; Royal Society of Medicine [no link]; page 484
177 Primary Care Guidelines for the Management of Females with Epilepsy; Royal Society of Medicine [no link]; page 484
178 Epilepsia 2000;41 Suppl 2:S7-12 Sudden unexplained death and injury in epilepsy. Ficker DM[Link]; page 484
179; page Clinical effectiveness, tolerability and cost-effectiveness of newer drugs for epilepsy in adults: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Author: Wilby J, Kainth A, Hawkins N, Epstein D, McIntosh H, McDaid C, Mason A, Golder S, O’Meara S, Sculpher M, Drummond M, Forbes C. Journal: Health Technol Assess; 2005 Apr; 9(15):1-157, iii-iv. PubMed ID: 15842952. [Link]; page 485
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181 M Gillick 2000 nejm 342 206 [Link]; page 485
182 M Gillick 2000 nejm 342 206 [Link]; page 485
183 Uncontrolled epilepsy following discontinuation of antiepileptic drugs in seizure-free patients: a review of current clinical experience. Author: Schmidt D, L“scher W. Journal: Acta Neurol Scand; 2005 May; 111(5):291-300. PubMed ID: 15819708 [Link]; page 485
184 Drug Ther Bul 2003 41 ( June) 41 [no link]; page 485
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185 Exp Gerontol. 2003 Apr;38(4):397 mt4216C variant in linkage with the mtDNA TJ cluster may confer a susceptibility to mitochondrial dysfunction resulting in an increased risk of Parkinson’s disease in the Irish--Ross O [Link]; page 486
186 J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003 Feb;74(2):158-62. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003 Feb;74(2):148-9. Multidisciplinary rehabilitation for people with Parkinson’s disease: a randomised controlled study. Wade D [Link]; page 486
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188 Scottish adult formulary 2005 [Link]; page 486
189 Sleep. 2002 Dec 15;25(8):905-9. Modafinil for the treatment of daytime sleepiness in Parkinson’s disease: a double-blind, randomized, crossover, placebo-controlled polygraphic trial. Hogl B [Link]; page 486
190 Scottish adult formulary 2005 [Link]; page 487
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192 Drug Ther Bul 1995 33 49; page 487
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194 Monoamine oxidase B inhibitors for early Parkinson’s disease. Author: Macleod AD, Counsell CE, Ives N, Stowe R. Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2005; (3):CD004898. PubMed ID: 16034956.[Link]; page 487
195 Prescrire Int 2002 Aug;11(60):108-11 Selegiline: a second look. Six years later: too risky in Parkinson’s disease [Link]; page 487
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197 J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1998 Jun;64(6):730High incidence and prevalence of multiple sclerosis in south east Scotland: evidence of a genetic predisposition--Rothwell PM [Link]; page 488
198 BMJ; page 2003;327:646 Multiple sclerosis Self reported stressful life events and exacerbations in multiple sclerosis: prospective study--D Buljevac [Link]; page 488
199 NEJM 349:139 2003 Antimyelin Antibodies as a Predictor of Clinically Definite Multiple Sclerosis after a First Demyelinating Event--Thomas Berger [Link]; page 488
200 Drugs. 2003;63(15):1525 Early intervention in multiple sclerosis: better outcomes for patients and society? Flachenecker P [Link]; page 488
201 “interferon 1a appears effective after 1st clinical MS event (if prior subclinical lesions on MRI): CHAMPS 2000 NEJM 343 898; page 488
202 Title: Cost-utility analysis of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis treatment with azathioprine or interferon beta in Spain. Author: Rubio-Terres C, Dominguez-Gil Hurle A. Journal: Rev Neurol; 2005 Jun 16-30; 40(12):705-10. PubMed ID: 15973634 [Link]; page 488
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208 Gliadel((R)) wafer in initial surgery for malignant glioma: long-term follow-up of a multicenter controlled trial. Journal: Acta Neurochir (Wien); 2006 Feb 17; ():. PubMed ID: 16482400. [Link]; page 490
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231 Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 1997 Sep;14(2):115 Differential diagnosis of facial nerve palsy. James D [Link]; page 492
232 Am J Otol 1996 Nov;17(6):893 Episodic facial paralysis due to temporal bone pneumocele: a case report. Ivers C [Link]; page 492
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236 Recent developments in Bell’s Palsy BMJ; page 2004;329:553-557 (4 September), doi:10.1136/bmj.329.7465.553 [Link]; page 492
237 Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2003 Apr;128(4):523 Scarless lip rehabilitation for the adynamic lip--Bloch DC [Link]; page 492
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239 Treatment of gustatory hyperlacrimation (crocodile tears) with injection of botulinum toxin into the lacrimal gland. Author: Montoya FJ, Riddell CE, Caesar R, Hague S. Journal: Eye; 2002 Nov; 16(6):705-9. PubMed ID: 12439663. [Link]; page 492
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243 J Neurol 2001 Jun;248(6):469-77 Viral infections of the CNS with special emphasis on herpes simplex infections. Schmutzhard E. Department of Neurology, University Hospital Innsbruck, Austria[Link]; page 492
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246 The phenomenon of the late recovered Bell’s palsy: treatment options to improve facial symmetry. Author: Bulstrode NW, Harrison DH. Journal: Plast Reconstr Surg; 2005 May; 115(6):1466-71. PubMed ID: 15861048 [Link]; page 492
247 Excerpt from pages 11-28 of Love, Sex & Tragedy: How the Ancient World Shapes Our Lives by Simon Goldhill, published by the University of Chicago Press. “2004 by the University of Chicago. [Link]; page 492
248 Bell’s palsy in pregnancy: a study of recovery outcomes. Author: Gillman GS, Schaitkin BM, May M, Klein SR. Journal: Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg; 2002 Jan; 126(1):26-30. PubMed ID: 11821761.[Link]; page 492
249 Gray’s Anatomy [Link]; page 493
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251 Autonomic dysfunction in systemic lupus erythematosus. Journal: Rheumatol Int; 2005 Dec 20; ():1-4. PubMed ID: 16365754. [Link]; page 494
252 Autonomic neuropathy [Link]; page 494
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255 J Am Acad Orthop Surg 1998 Sep-Oct;6(5):282-8 Compressive ulnar neuropathies at the elbow: I. Etiology and diagnosis. Posner MA [Link]; page 495
256 Night splints [Link]; page 495
257 Ulnar nerve enetrapment [Link]; page 495
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Polyneuropathies
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284 A Singh 1999 Lancet 354 370; page 500
285 Cochrane review on the role of surgery in cervical spondylotic radiculomyelopathy. Author: Fouyas IP, Statham PF, Sandercock PA. Journal: Spine; 2002 Apr 1; 27(7):736-47. PubMed ID: 11923667.[Link]; page 500
286 Predictive factors for spondylotic cervical myelopathy treated conservatively or surgically. Author: Kadanka Z, Mares M, BednarJ, Smrcka V, Krbec M, Chaloupka R, Dusek L. Journal: Eur J Neurol; 2005 Jan; 12(1):55-63. PubMed ID: 15613148 [Link]; page 500
287; page Long-term outcome of laminoplasty for cervical myelopathy due to disc herniation: a comparative study of laminoplasty and anterior spinal fusion. Author: Sakaura H, Hosono N, Mukai Y, Ishii T, Iwasaki M, Yoshikawa H. Journal: Spine; 2005 Apr 1; 30(7):756-9. PubMed ID: 15803077 [Link]; page 500
288 Diaphragmatic paralysis caused by cervical spondylosis. Case report. Author: Hayashi H, Kihara S, Hoshimaru M, Hashimoto N. Journal: J Neurosurg Spine; 2005 May; 2(5):604-7. PubMed ID: 15945437.[Link]; page 500
289 Anterior spinal artery syndrome due to cervical spondylosis presenting as cervical angina] Author: Odaka M, Hirata K. Journal: No To Shinkei; 2004 Nov; 56(11):961-3. PubMed ID: 15678954 [Link]; page 500
290 Neurosurgery Today--cervical spine [Link]; page 501
291 Laminoplasty [Link]; page 501
292 Operative treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy and radiculopathy. A comparison of laminectomy and laminoplasty at five year average follow-up. Author: Kaminsky SB, Clark CR, Traynelis VC. Journal: Iowa Orthop J; 2004; 24():95-105. PubMed ID: 15296214. [Link]; page 501
293 Wheeless online orthopaedic tesxtbook [Link]; page 501
294 Image of cervical verteba redrawn from Daphne Palomar [Link]; page 501
Primary disorders of muscle (myopathies)
295 Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;3:CD003278 Scapular fixation idn muscular dystrophy--Mummery C [Link]; page 502
296 Muscle Nerve. 2001 Mar;24(3):352 Unusual clinical presentations in patients harboring the facioscapulohumeral dystrophy 4q35 deletion--Felice K [Link]; page 502
297 Spine. 1985 Sep;10(7):614 Spinal deformities in patients with muscular dystrophy other than Duchenne. A review of 11 patients having surgical treatment--Daher Y [Link]; page 502
298 New classification and treatment for myotonic disorders. Author: Kurihara T. Journal: Intern Med; 2005 Oct; 44(10):1027-32. PubMed ID: 16293911 [Link]; page 502
299 Tau aggregates are abnormally phosphorylated in inclusion body myositis and have an immunoelectrophoretic profile distinct from other tauopathies. [Link]; page 502
Myasthenia gravis (MG)/ Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome
300 Vaccines against myasthenia gravis. Author: Berrih-Aknin S, Fuchs S, Souroujon MC. Journal: Expert Opin Biol Ther; 2005 Jul; 5(7):983-95. PubMed ID: 16018742 [Link]; page 504
301 Extrathymic malignancies in patients with myasthenia gravis. Journal: J Neurol Sci; 2005 Jun 28; ():. PubMed ID: 15990114. [Link]; page 504
302 The features of myasthenia gravis with autoantibodies to MuSK. Author: Lavrnic D, Losen M, Vujic A, De Baets M, Hajdukovic LJ, Stojanovic V, Trikic R, Djukic P, Apostolski S. Journal: J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry; 2005 Aug; 76(8):1099-102. PubMed ID: 16024887 [Link]; page 504
303; page Preoperative preparation of the patient with myasthenia gravis. Author: Kernstine KH. Journal: Thorac Surg Clin; 2005 May; 15(2):287-95. PubMed ID: 15999526 [Link]; page 504
304 Ophthalmology 1999 Jul;106(7):1282-6 Related Articles, Links Ophthalmology. 2000 Apr;107(4):622-3. An ice test for the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. Golnik KC [Link]; page 504
305 Corticosteroids for myasthenia gravis. Author: Schneider-Gold C, Gajdos P, Toyka KV, Hohlfeld RR. Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2005; (2):CD002828. PubMed ID: 15846640 [Link]; page 504
306; page Neurol Sci. 2002 Apr;23 Suppl 1:S9 High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin G treatment of myasthenia gravis--Ferrero B [Link]; page 504
307 Acta Neurol Scand. 2003 Aug;108(2):136 Intravenous immunoglobulin in the preparation of thymectomy for myasthenia gravis--Huang C [Link]; page 504
308; Pulmonary function tests and blood gases in worsening myasthenia gravis. Journal: Muscle Nerve; 2005 Jul 15; ():. PubMed ID: 16025526. [Link]; page 504
309 Chin Med J (Engl). 2003 Aug;116(8):1187-90. Diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of thymoma: an analysis of 116 cases--Wang Y [Link]; page 504
310; Electrophysiological diagnostic criteria of Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. Journal: Muscle Nerve; 2005 Jul 7; ():. PubMed ID: 16003742. [Link]; page 504
311 [Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome: diagnosis and treatment] Author: Motomura M, Iwanaga H. Journal: Clin Calcium; 2001 Nov; 11(11):1468-74. PubMed ID: 15775666 [Link]; page 504
312 Treatment for Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. Author: Maddison P, Newsom-Davis J. Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2005; (2):CD003279. PubMed ID: 15846654 [Link]; page 504
(footnote) Does this patient have myasthenia gravis? Author: Scherer K, Bedlack RS, Simel DL. Journal: JAMA; 2005 Apr 20; 293(15):1906-14. PubMed ID: 15840866 [Link]; page 504
(footnote) Associated autoimmune diseases in patients with the Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome and their families. Author: Wirtz PW, Bradshaw J, Wintzen AR, Verschuuren JJ. Journal: J Neurol; 2004 Oct; 251(10):1255-9. PubMed ID: 15503107 [Link]; page 504
Neurofibromatosis
313 Image of Lisch nodule in neurofibromatosis type 1 courtesy of Prof; page J Troube [Link]; page 506
314 P Mathew 2000 Arch Pathol Lab Med 124 319 [@10656749] & S Huson 1994 The Neurofibromatoses Chapman & Hall; page 506
315 Q J Med. 1992 Aug;84(304):603 A clinical study of type 2 neurofibromatosis--Evans D [Link]; page 506
Syringomyelia
316 eMedicine: syringomyelia [Link]; page 508
317 Spinothalamic pathways [Link]; page 508
318 Eye. 2000 Dec;14(Pt 6):884 Ocular manifestations of hindbrain-related syringomyelia and outcome following craniovertebral decompression--Rowlands A [Link]; page 508
319 Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1997 Jul;78(7):780 Total knee arthroplasty in a patient with bilateral Charcot knees--Fullerton B [Link]; page 508
320 Joint Bone Spine. 2000;67(4):334 Destructive hip disease complicating traumatic paraplegia--Avimadje AM [Link]; page 508
321; page J Belge Radiol. 1993 Aug;76(4):232 Neuropathic arthropathy of the shoulder secondary to syringomyelia--Heylen Y [Link]; page 508
323 R Fuller 2000 Lancet 355 284 (this paper describes a patient with sudden respiratory failure); see:[Link]; page 508
324 Adult syringomielia. Classification, pathogenesis and therapeutic approaches. Author: Di Lorenzo N, Cacciola F. Journal: J Neurosurg Sci; 2005 Sep; 49(3):65-72. PubMed ID: 16288188. [Link]; page 508
(footnote) Oscillopsia without nystagmus caused by head titubation in a patient with multiple sclerosis. Author: Proudlock FA, Gottlob I, Constantinescu CS. Journal: J Neuroophthalmol; 2002 Jun; 22(2):88-91. PubMed ID: 12131465 [Link]; page 508
Retroviruses and neurology
325 Neurological manifestations of HIV infection in Kwazulu-Natal South Africa. Author: Bhigjee AI. Journal: J Neurovirol; 2005; 11 Suppl 1():17-21. PubMed ID: 15960236. [Link]; page 508
Models of brain functioning
326 Neural Netw. 1997 Oct 1;10(7):1175-1183. Three Centuries of Category Errors in Studies of the Neural Basis of Consciousness and Intentionality. Freeman W [Link]; page 509
327 W Freeman; Comparison of Brain Models [Link]; page 509
328 Lancet. 1999 Oct 16;354(9187):1320 Lancet. 1999 Oct 16;354(9187):1331 Modification of attitudes to influence survival from breast cancer. Tucker J [Link]; page 509
329 J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000 May;48(5):473 Emotional well-being predicts subsequent functional independence and survival. Ostir GV [Link]; page 509
Chapter 12: Oncology and palliative care
Oncology and palliative care
1 Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use Among Women With Breast Cancer, Journal of Clinical Oncology. 20(18s) (SUPPLEMENT):34s-38s, September 15, 2002. 510 2 J Holland 1999 nejm 340 1758 & [Link]; page 510
3 L Fallowfield 1995 bmj ii 1316 511 4 TJ Meyer 1995 Health Psych 14 101 511 5 BMJ 2003;327:1044-1046 Cancer care in the United Kingdom: new solutions are needed--Karol Sikora [Link]; page 511
6 Breaking bad news: practical advice for busy doctors, Mir NU Hosp Med. 2004 Oct;65(10):613-5. 511
7 S Sontag 1978 Illness as Metaphor 511
8 Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005 Mar 1;61(3):870-3. Accuracy of survival prediction by palliative radiation oncologists.Chow E [Link]; page 511
9 R Buckman 1992 How to Break Bad News, PaperMac 0-333 54564-7 511
Oncology and genetics
10 Breast. 2005 Sep 23;Management of women at high risk for breast cancer: New imaging beyond mammography.Kuhl CK, Kuhn W, Schild H. 512
12 Recent advances in endocrine therapy for postmenopausal women with early breast cancer: implications for treatment and prevention. Annals of oncology, {Ann-Oncol}, Dec 2004, vol. 15, no. 12, p. 1738-47, 67 refs, ISSN: 0923-7534. Tobias-J-S [Link]; page 512
11 No reference available
13 Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colon Cancer (HNPCC) [Link]; page 512
14 Environmental and heritable factors in the causation of cancer--analyses of cohorts of twins from Sweden, Denmark, and Finland. Lichtenstein P, [Link]; page 512
Oncological emergencies
15 Curr Treat Options Oncol 2001 Feb;2(1):77 Superior vena cava syndrome. Wudel LJ [Link]; page 514
16 Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2002 Jun;14(3):228 Radiological stenting provides effective palliation in malignant central venous obstruction. Wilson E [Link]; page 514
17 Palliative radiotherapy of cerebral metastasis from lung cancer. Author: Li JC, Liu MT, Chang KH, Chung CH. Journal: J Formos Med Assoc; 1990 Apr; 89(4):281-5. PubMed ID: 1698912. [Link]; page 514
18 D Provan 1998 Oxford Handbook of Clinical Haematology, page 470, oup 514 19 Support Care Cancer 2003 Apr;11(4):249 Pan-European multicentre economic evaluation of recombinant urate oxidase (rasburicase) in prevention and treatment of hyperuricaemia and tumour lysis syndrome in haematological cancer patients. Annemans I [Link]; page 514
20 Correcting Plasma Calcium [Link]; page 515
21 Semin Oncol 2002 Dec;29(6 Suppl 21):12 Treatment of hypercalcemia of malignancy with bisphosphonates. Berenson JR [Link]; page 515
Cancer therapy
22 Drug Saf 1995 Apr;12(4):245 Prevention and management of extravasation of cytotoxic drugs. Bertelli G [Link]; page 516
23 J Eary 1999 Lancet 354 853 517Radiotherapy
24 Can J Oncol. 1996 Feb;6 Suppl 1:5-11. The principles of palliative radiotherapy: a radiation oncologist’s perspective.Mackillop WJ. [Link]; page 518
25 Measuring the benefit and toxicity of palliative radiotherapy. The Canadian journal of oncology, {Can-J-Oncol}, Feb 1996, vol. 6 Suppl 1, p. 86-9, ISSN: 1183-2509. Shelley-W. [Link]; page 518
26 Recchia F. Sica G, DeFilippis S, et.al. Goserelin as ovarian protection in the adjuvant treatment of premenopausal breast cancer: a phase II pilot study. Anticancer Drugs 2002; 13: 17-24 [Link]; page 519
27 Aust Fam Physician 2003 Jan-Feb;32(1-2):9 Fertility effects of cancer treatment. Marsden DE [Link]; page 519
28 Preserving Fertility After Cancer Beth Simon, MD, Stephanie Joi Lee, MD, Ann Hart Partridge, MD and Carolyn D. Runowicz, MD, CA Cancer J Clin 2005; 55:211-228 [Link]; page 519
29 Contracept Fertil Sex 1993 Oct;21(10):749 Conservation of sperm before cancer therapy. An efficient measure for preserving chances of future conception Auger J [Link]; page 519
30 Cancer 2001 Sep 15;92(6):1632 Testicular sperm extraction combined with intracytoplasmic sperm injection in the treatment of men with persistent azoospermia postchemotherapy. Chan PT [Link]; page 519
31 J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 2005;(34):57-9. Fertility preservation: a comprehensive approach to the young woman with cancer.Roberts JE, Oktay K. [Link]; page 519
32 Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002 Jun;16(2):311 Late reproductive sequelae following treatment of childhood cancer and options for fertility preservation. Thomson AB [Link]; page 519
33 Cancer survival depends on where you are... [Link]; page 519
34 Arch Fam Med. 1999 Nov-Dec;8(6):521 Breast cancer trends of black women compared with white women--Chu K [Link]; page 520
Palliative care
38 Br J Anaesth. 2005 Apr;94(4):505-13. Epub 2005 Jan 28. Effects of acetaminophen on morphine side-effects and consumption after major surgery: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Remy C[Link]; page 520
39 Br J Cancer. 2003 Dec 1;89(11):2027-30. Comparison of sustained-release morphine with sustained-release oxycodone in advanced cancer patients. Lauretti GR, Oliveira GM, Pereira NL. [Link]; page 520
40 Pain Symptom Manage 2000 Mar;19(3):185 Transdermal fentanyl in opioid-naive cancer pain patients: an open trial using transdermal fentanyl for the treatment of chronic cancer pain in opioid-naive patients and a group using codeine. Vielvoye-Kerkmeer A [Link]; page 520
40 Cancer. 1999 Sep 1;86(5):871-7. High dose morphine use in the hospice setting. A database survey of patient characteristics and effect on life expectancy.Bercovitch M, Waller A, Adunsky A. [Link]; page 520
41 No reference available 521
42 R Twycross 1990 Symptom Control in Terminal Cancer, Sobell Publications, Oxford and R Twycross, S Lack 1990 Therapeutics in Terminal Care, Churchill Livingstone 521
43 Support Care Cancer. 2005 Apr 8. A validation study of the WHO analgesic ladder: a two-step vs three-step strategy. Maltoni M et al [Link]; page 521
Urgent referral in possible malignancy
44 Twycross R. (2000). Palliative care: anorexia, cachexia, nausea and vomiting. Medicine 28: 7-12.[Link]; page 522
45 PRODIGY Guidance - Palliative care-nausea/vomiting/malignant bowel obstruction [Link]; page 522
46 Am J Med Sci. 2001 Aug;322(2):79-87. Diagnosis and management of chronic pericardial effusions. Karam N, Patel P, deFilippi C. [Link]; page 522
47 NICE Referral for suspected cancer - quick reference guide www.nice.org.uk/CG027quickrefguide; page 524 48 Roger Jones 2001 BMJ 322:1555-1556 ( 30 June ) editorial [Link]; page 525
49 Roger Jones 2001 BMJ 322:1555-1556 ( 30 June ) editorial [Link]; page 525
50 Br J Dermatol. 2004 Feb;150(2):291-8. & Br J Dermatol. 2005 May;152(5):1065-6. Evaluation of the U.K. 2-week referral rule for skin cancer. Cox NH [Link]; page 525
Chapter 13: Rheumatology
Rheumatological and related illnesses/Points to note in the rheumatological history
1 Courtesy of Monica Bhargava & Dr. John Hunter, M.D., [Link] Courtesy of Monica Bhargava & Dr. John Hunter, M.D., [Link] 526
2 Francois Verret’s interpretation of Robert Musil’s novel ‘The Man Without Qualities’ [Link] 526
3 M Doherty 1992 Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 51 1165-9 527
4 Approved by the Arthritis and Rheumatism Council and the uk Society for Rheumatology (1991) 527
Back pain
5 Speed C. Low back pain. BMJ 2004; 328: 1119-21. 528
6 van Tulder M, et al. European guidelines for the management of acute non-specific low back pain in primary care. European Comission, Research Directorate General. www.backpaineurope.org 528
7 New Zealand Guidelines Group. New Zealand Acute Low Back Pain Guide. 2004 [Link] (accessed 12.09.05) 529
Arthritis-general points
8 Courtney P, Doherty M. Joint aspiration and injection. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2005 Jun; 19: 345-69. [Link] 530
9 Drug Ther Bul 2003 41 9 65 Management of Septic Arthritis [Link] 530
10 ra Hughes 1996 Reports on Rheumatic Diseases 7 1-4 530
11 Drug Ther Bul 2003 41 9 65 Management of Septic Arthritis [Link] 530
12 Clin Infect Dis 2003 Feb 1;36(3):319-27 Pneumococcal septic arthritis: review of 190 cases. Ross JJ[Link] 530
13 Quinn MA, Cox S. The evidence for early intervention. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2005; 31: 575-89.[Link] 531
14 Brown AK, Wakefield RJ, Conaghan PG, Karim Z, O’Connor PJ, Emery P. New approaches to imaging early inflammatory arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2004; 22(5 Suppl 35): S18-25. [Link] 531
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
15 American College of Rheumatology. Classification criteria for rheumatoloid arthritis. 1987.www.rheumatology.org 532
16 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Management of early rheumatoid arthritis. 2000 [Link]532
17 British Society for Rheumatology. National Guidelines For the Monitoring of Second Line Drugs. 2000. [Link] 533
18 Ledingham J, Deighton C. British Society for Rheumatology Standards, Guidelines and Audit Working Group. Update on the British Society for Rheumatology guidelines for prescribing TNF blockers in adults with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology 2005 44(2):157-163. [Link] 533
Osteoarthritis(OA)/Crystal arthropies
19 Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2002 Aug;10(8):595 C-reactive protein as a biomarker of emergent osteoarthritis. Sowers M [Link] 534
20 Glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, and the two in combination for painful knee osteoarthritis. Author: Clegg DO, Reda DJ, Harris CL, Klein MA, O’Dell JR, Hooper MM, Bradley JD, Bingham CO, Weisman MH, Jackson CG, Lane NE, Cush JJ, Moreland LW, Schumacher HR, Oddis CV, Wolfe F, Molitor JA, Yocum DE, Schnitzer TJ, Furst DE, Sawitzke AD, Shi H, Brandt KD, Moskowitz RW, Williams HJ. Journal: N Engl J Med; 2006 Feb 23; 354(8):795-808. PubMed ID: 16495392. [Link] 534
21 R Sturrock 2000 bmj i 132; see [Link] 534
22 Ian Morris 2003 bmj, 327 1275 534
23 Evidence from medline: 11346223 &: 10443078 &: 8377534 &: 1657004 &: 11292305 &: 6273554[Link] 534
24 A Herxheimer 1998 bmj i 492 & h Wyne 1996 BJ Cl Pharm 42 253 535
25 Prevention of ulcers by esomeprazole in at-risk patients using non-selective NSAIDs and COX-2 inhibitors. Author: Scheiman JM, Yeomans ND, Talley NJ, Vakil N, Chan FK, Tulassay Z, Rainoldi JL, Szczepanski L, Ung KA, Kleczkowski D, Ahlbom H, Naesdal J, Hawkey C. Journal: Am J Gastroenterol; 2006 Apr; 101(4):701-10. PubMed ID: 16494585. [Link] 535
26 Risk of cardiovascular events and celecoxib: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Author: Caldwell B, Aldington S, Weatherall M, Shirtcliffe P, Beasley R. Journal: J R Soc Med; 2006 Mar; 99(3):132-40. PubMed ID: 16508052. [Link] 535 27 CSM (2005a) Updated advice on the safety of selective cox-2 inhibitors. Committee on Safety of Medicines. [Link] 535
28 When should COX-2 selective NSAIDs be used for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis? Author: Lo V, Meadows SE, Saseen J. Journal: J Fam Pract; 2006 Mar; 55(3):260-2. PubMed ID: 16510063. [Link]535
(footnote) Choi HK, Atkinson K, Karlson EW, Willett W, Curhan G. Purine-rich foods, dairy and protein intake, and the risk of gout in men. N Engl J Med. 2004; 350: 1093-103. [Link] 535 Spondyloarthritides29 Wanders A, Heijde DV, Landewe R, et al. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs reduce radiographic progression in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a randomized clinical trial. Arthritis & Rheumatism 2005; 52(6): 1756-65. 536
30 British Society for Rheumatology. BSR guideline for prescribing TNFa blockers in adults with ankylosing spondylitis. 2004 www.rheumatology.org.uk 536
31 Hashkes PJ, Laxer RM. Medical treatment of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. JAMA. 2005; 294: 1671-84.[Link] 537
Autoimmune connective tissue diseases
32 Bodolay E, Szekanecz Z, Vegh J, Szegedi G. Mixed connective tissue disease: should the diagnosis be more restrictive?: reply. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2005 Sep 13; [Epub ahead of print] [Link] 538
Polymyositis and dermatomyositis No links
Systemic lupus erythematosus
33 emin Nephrol 2000 Jan;20(1):32 New prospects for treatment of lupus nephritis. Balow JE [Link] 540
34 Baglin TP, Keeling DM, Watson HG. British Committee for Standards in Haematology. Guidelines on oral anticoagulation (warfarin): third edition- 2005 update. [Link]= 540
35 Transplantation 2003 Mar 15;75(5):651 Recurrent lupus nephritis in renal transplant recipients revisited: it is not rare. Goral S [Link] 540 36 Anolik JH, Aringer M. New treatments for SLE: cell-depleting and anti-cytokine therapies. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2005; 19: 859-78. [Link] 540
37 Tan EM, Cohen AS, Fries JF, Masi AT, McShane DJ, Rothfield NF, et al. The 1982 revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1982;25:1271 [Link] 541
38 Image of vasculitis under a nail, courtesy of the Crookston collection [Link] 541
39 Updating the American College of Rheumatology Revised Criteria for the Classification of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus [Link] 541
40 Leonard R. A mnemonic for SLE diagnostic criteria. Ann Rheum Dis. 2001; 60(6): 638. [Link] 541
41 David F Fiorentino MD, PhD, with kind permission from Skin & Aging [Link] 541
42 Amy McMichael, MD, with kind permission from Skin & Aging [Link] 541
(footnote) ROYAL COLLEGE OF OPHTHALMOLOGISTS GUIDELINES. OCULAR TOXICITY AND HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE: GUIDELINES FOR SCREENING 2004 [Link] 540 Vasculitis/Giant cell (or cranial or temporal) arthritis (GCA)/ Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR)
43 Med Klin 2002 Dec 15;97(12):730 Neuropsychiatric involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus. Part 1: clinical presentation and pathogenesis Weiner SM [Link] 542
44 Jayne D. How to induce remission in primary systemic vasculitis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2005; 19: 293-305. [Link] 542
45 Stephens RS, Brown C, Wiener CM. Persistent lower abdominal and groin pain: what is the diagnosis? Am J Med 2005; 118(4): 364-7. [Link] 543
46 Dr. William Herring [Link] 543
Systemic conditions causing eye signs
47 Jonathan Trobe [Link] 544
48 Prof Jonathan Trobe [Link] 544
49 Prof Jonathan Trobe [Link] 544
50 Prof Jonathan Trobe [Link] 545
Skin manifestations of systemic diseases/Specific diseases and their skin manifestations
51 Lancet. 1997 Dec 13;350(9093):1720-1. Pyoderma gangrenosum and its treatment. Powell RJ [Link]546
52 Professor Thomas Habif www.dermnet.com 547
53 Professor Thomas Habif www.dermnet.com 547
54 Professor Thomas Habif www.dermnet.com 547
Skin diagnoses not to be missed
55 NICE (June 2005). Referral Guidelines for Suspected Cancer. [Link] 548
Chapter 14: Surgery
SurgeryNo links
Pre-operative care
1 No link available 552
2 Correct Site Surgery. A directive from the National Patient Safety Agency. March 2005. [Link] 552
3 The NICE guideline poster for preoperative tests. Downloadable from: [Link] 552
4 See National Confidential Enquiry into Perioperative Deaths (NCEPOD) www.ncepod.org.uk 553
5 The Department of Health website: consent from patients [Link] 554
Consent
6 Good practice in consent implementing guide: consent to examination of treatment [Link] 555
7 Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech AHA [1986] AC 112 555
8 Good practice in consent implementing guide: consent to examination of treatment [Link] 555
9 A poster on perioperative fasting guidelines is available from the Royal College of Nursing website. Thanks to Lysnsey Brown, Trauma Nurse Co-ordinator, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, UK, for sourcing this material. [Link] 555
Prophylactic antibiotics in surgery/Bowel preparation in colorectal surgery/Sutures
10 Influence of timing of antibiotic administration on tissue concentrations during surgery. Author: Wong-Beringer A, Corelli RL, Schrock TR, Guglielmo BJ. Journal: Am J Surg; 1995 Apr; 169(4):379-81. PubMed ID: 7694975. [Link] 556
11 Prophylactic use of cefuroxime in biliary tract surgery: randomized controlled trial of single versus multiple dose in high-risk patients. Galant Trial Study Group. Author: Meijer WS, Schmitz PI. Journal: Br J Surg; 1993 Jul; 80(7):917-21. PubMed ID: 8369939. [Link] 556
12 Antimicrobial prophylaxis in colorectal surgery: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Author: Song F, Glenny AM. Journal: Br J Surg; 1998 Sep; 85(9):1232-41. PubMed ID: 9752867. [Link]556
13 Supplemental perioperative oxygen to reduce the incidence of surgical-wound infection. Outcomes Research Group. Author: Greif R, Ak”a O, Horn EP, Kurz A, Sessler DI.Journal: N Engl J Med; 2000 Jan 20; 342(3):161-7. PubMed ID: 10639541. [Link] 556
14 Antibiotics versus placebo for prevention of postoperative infection after appendicectomy. Author: Andersen B, Kallehave F, Andersen H. Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2005; (3):CD001439. PubMed ID: 16034862. [Link] 556
15 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in vascular surgery: increasing prevalence. Author: Taylor MD, Napolitano LM. Journal: Surg Infect (Larchmt); 2004 Summer; 5(2):180-7. PubMed ID: 15353115. [Link] 556
16 Mechanical bowel preparation for elective colorectal surgery. Author: Guenaga KF, Matos D, Castro AA, Atallah AN, Wille-J“rgensen P. Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2005; (1):CD001544. PubMed ID: 15674882. [Link] 556
17 Mechanical bowel preparation for elective colorectal surgery: a meta-analysis. Author: Bucher P, Mermillod B, Gervaz P, Morel P. Journal: Arch Surg; 2004 Dec; 139(12):1359-64; discussion 1365. PubMed ID: 15611462. [Link] 556
18 Hyponatremia and seizures after bowel preparation: report of three cases. Author: Frizelle FA, Colls BM. Journal: Dis Colon Rectum; 2005 Feb; 48(2):393-6. PubMed ID: 15812590. [Link] 556
19 Pre-operative mechanical bowel cleansing or not? an updated meta-analysis. Author: Wille-J“rgensen P, Guenaga KF, Matos D, Castro AA. Journal: Colorectal Dis; 2005 Jul; 7(4):304-10. PubMed ID: 15932549. [Link] 556
20 Prophylactic anastomotic drainage for colorectal surgery. Author: Jesus EC, Karliczek A, Matos D, Castro AA, Atallah AN. Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2004; (4):CD002100. PubMed ID: 15495028. [Link] 557
Anaesthesia
21 No link available 558
22 No link available 558
23 upivacaine: a new safer long acting local anaesthetic agent. Author: Gristwood RW, Greaves JL. Journal: Expert Opin Investig Drugs; 1999 Jun; 8(6):861-76. PubMed ID: 15992136. [Link] 559
The control of pain
24 Co-codamol 30/500 (codeine phosphate and paracetamol) 2 tablets/6h is a less effective alternative: H McQuay 1997 bmj i 1531 & [Link] 560
25 Day case surgery in childhood from the parents’ point of view. Author: Astfalk W, Warth H, Leriche C. Journal: Eur J Pediatr Surg; 1991 Dec; 1(6):323-7. PubMed ID: 1777486. [Link] 561
(footnote) Day Surgery. Five years of experience and activity] Author: Ivaldi L, Perino M, Gambetta G, Ferro A, Colombini M, Gennaro M, Mura G, Carrozza V, Boetti M, Baracco E, Revetria P. Journal: Minerva Chir; 2003 Apr; 58(2):149-55. PubMed ID: 12738924. [Link]
561
General post-operative complications No links
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)/ Swollen legs
26 Variation of plasma D-dimer following surgery: implications for prediction of postoperative venous thromboembolism. Author: Lippi G, Veraldi GF, Fraccaroli M, Manzato F, Cordiano C, Guidi G. Journal: Clin Exp Med; 2001 Sep; 1(3):161-4. PubMed ID: 11833854. [Link] 564
27 Combination of a normal D-dimer concentration and a non-high pretest clinical probability score is a safe strategy to exclude deep venous thrombosis. Author: Schutgens RE, Ackermark P, Haas FJ, Nieuwenhuis HK, Peltenburg HG, Pijlman AH, Pruijm M, Oltmans R, Kelder JC, Biesma DH. Journal: Circulation; 2003 Feb 4; 107(4):593-7. PubMed ID: 12566372. [Link] 564
28 Venous protocols, techniques, and interpretations of the upper and lower extremities. Author: Fraser JD, Anderson DR. Journal: Radiol Clin North Am; 2004 Mar; 42(2):279-96. PubMed ID: 15136017.[Link] 564
29 Fondaparinux or enoxaparin for the initial treatment of symptomatic deep venous thrombosis: a randomized trial. Author: B“ller HR, Davidson BL, Decousus H, Gallus A, Gent M, Piovella F, Prins MH, Raskob G, Segers AE, Cariou R, Leeuwenkamp O, Lensing AW, Matisse Investigators . Journal: Ann Intern Med; 2004 Jun 1; 140(11):867-73. PubMed ID: 15172900. [Link] 564
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36 Factors influencing the development of incisional hernia. A retrospective study of 2,983 laparotomy patients over a period of 10 years Author: H“er J, Lawong G, Klinge U, Schumpelick V. Journal: Chirurg; 2002 May; 73(5):474-80. PubMed ID: 12089832. [Link] 566
37 Surgical complications after thyroid surgery performed in a cancer hospital. Author: Gon“alves Filho J, Kowalski LP. Journal: Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg; 2005 Mar; 132(3):490-4. PubMed ID: 15746868.[Link] 566
38 Incidence and risk of arm oedema following treatment for breast cancer: a three-year follow-up study. Author: Clark B, Sitzia J, Harlow W. Journal: QJM; 2005 May; 98(5):343-8. PubMed ID: 15820971.[Link] 566
39 Anastomotic leakage following anterior resection for rectal cancer. Author: Kanellos I, Vasiliadis K, Angelopoulos S, Tsachalis T, Pramateftakis MG, Mantzoros I, Betsis D. Journal: Tech Coloproctol; 2004 Nov; 8 Suppl 1():s79-81. PubMed ID: 15655652. [Link] 566
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43 Preventing intra-abdominal adhesions with polylactic acid film: an animal study. Author: Avital S, Bollinger TJ, Wilkinson JD, Marchetti F, Hellinger MD, Sands LR. Journal: Dis Colon Rectum; 2005 Jan; 48(1):153-7. PubMed ID: 15690673. [Link] 567
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Stoma care
45 The pre- and postoperative nursing care for patients with a stoma. Author: Burch J. Journal: Br J Nurs; 2005 Mar 24-Apr 13; 14(6):310-8. PubMed ID: 15902026. [Link] 568
46 Laparoscopic stoma creation. Author: Olmi S, Croce E, Magnone S, Mastropasqua E. Journal: Chir Ital; 2003 Nov-Dec; 55(6):897-902. PubMed ID: 14725232. [Link] 568
47 A Defunctioning Ileostomy Does Not Prevent Clinical Anastomotic Leak After a Low Anterior Resection: A Prospective, Comparative Study. Journal: Dis Colon Rectum; 2005 Aug 1; ():. PubMed ID: 16086220. [Link] 568
48 Dynamic graciloplasty for total anorectal reconstruction after abdominoperineal resection for rectal tumour. Author: Ho KS, Seow-Choen F. Journal: Int J Colorectal Dis; 2005 Jan; 20(1):38-41. PubMed ID: 15293066. [Link] 568
49 Sphincter-saving resection for all rectal carcinomas: the end of the 2-cm distal rule. Author: Rullier E, Laurent C, Bretagnol F, Rullier A, Vendrely V, Zerbib F. Journal: Ann Surg; 2005 Mar; 241(3):465-9. PubMed ID: 15729069. [Link] 568
50 A three-centre experience of orthotopic neobladder reconstruction after radical cystectomy: initial results. Author: Meyer JP, Drake B, Boorer J, Gillatt D, Persad R, Fawcett D. Journal: BJU Int; 2004 Dec; 94(9):1317-21. PubMed ID: 15610113. [Link] 568
51 Prospective analysis of stoma-related complications. Author: Robertson I, Leung E, Hughes D, Spiers M, Donnelly L, Mackenzie I, Macdonald A. Journal: Colorectal Dis; 2005 May; 7(3):279-85. PubMed ID: 15859968. [Link] 569
Blood transfusion and blood products
52 Handbook of Transfusion Medicine 2001 [Link] 570
53 Safety, efficacy, and cost of intraoperative cell salvage and autotransfusion after off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery: a randomized trial. Author: Murphy GJ, Rogers CS, Lansdowne WB, Channon I, Alwair H, Cohen A, Caputo M, Angelini GD. Journal: J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg; 2005 Jul; 130(1):20-8. PubMed ID: 15999036. [Link] 570
54 Relative cost of autologous red cell salvage versus allogeneic red cell transfusion during abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Author: Gardner A, Gibbs N, Evans C, Bell R. Journal: Anaesth Intensive Care; 2000 Dec; 28(6):646-9. PubMed ID: 11153290. [Link] 570
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(footnote) Treatment without consent: a medicolegal precedent. Yate RM, Milling MA, McFadzean W. Lancet; 2000 Jul 1; 356(9223):69. PubMed ID: 10892780 [Link]
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Nutritional support in hospital
55 Early enteral nutrition after surgical treatment of gut perforations: a prospective randomised study. Author: Malhotra A, Mathur AK, Gupta S. Journal: J Postgrad Med; 2004 Apr-Jun; 50(2):102-6. PubMed ID: 15235203. [Link] 572
Parental (intravenous) nutrition
56 Nutrition support to patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery. Author: Ward N. Journal: Nutr J; 2003 Dec 1; 2():18. PubMed ID: 14641921. [Link] 574
57 Complications and cost associated with parenteral nutrition delivered to hospitalized patients through either subclavian or peripherally-inserted central catheters. Author: Cowl CT, Weinstock JV, Al-Jurf A, Ephgrave K, Murray JA, Dillon K. Journal: Clin Nutr; 2000 Aug; 19(4):237-43. PubMed ID: 10952794.[Link] 574
58 Preventing complications of central venous catheterization. McGee DC, Gould MK. N Engl J Med; 2003 Mar 20; 348(12):1123-33. PubMed ID: 12646670 [Link] 574
59 Refeeding syndrome. Hearing SD. BMJ; 2004 Apr 17; 328(7445):908-9. PubMed ID: 15087326[Link] 575
60 Refeeding syndrome: effective and safe treatment with Phosphates Polyfusor. Author: Terlevich A, Hearing SD, Woltersdorf WW, Smyth C, Reid D, McCullagh E, Day A, Probert CS. Journal: Aliment Pharmacol Ther; 2003 May 15; 17(10):1325-9. PubMed ID: 12755846. [Link] 575
Diabetic patients undergoing surgery
61 Perioperative management of diabetes. Author: Marks JB. Journal: Am Fam Physician; 2003 Jan 1; 67(1):93-100. PubMed ID: 12537172. [Link] 576
62 ACC/AHA guideline update on perioperative cardiovascular evaluation for non-cardiac surgery. See below at: [Link] 576
63 Lack of association of diabetes with increased postoperative mortality and cardiac morbidity: results of 6565 major vascular operations. Author: Hamdan AD, Saltzberg SS, Sheahan M, Froelich J, Akbari CM, Campbell DR, LoGerfo FW, Pomposelli FB. Journal: Arch Surg; 2002 Apr; 137(4):417-21. PubMed ID: 11926945. [Link] 576
64 This is a sample regime, taken from the following website: [Link] 577 Jaundiced patients during surgery/Surgery in those on steroids/ Surgery in those on anticoagulants
65 Renal failure in obstructive jaundice. Author: Uslu A, Cayci M, Nart A, Karaca C, Zalluhoglu N, G“rkan A, Varilsuha C, Adag“l” H. Journal: Hepatogastroenterology; 2005 Jan-Feb; 52(61):52-4. PubMed ID: 15782993. [Link] 578
66 A randomized trial on the effect of mannitol on postoperative renal function in patients with obstructive jaundice. Author: Gubern JM, Sancho JJ, Sim” J, Sitges-Serra A. Journal: Surgery; 1988 Jan; 103(1):39-44. PubMed ID: 3122349. [Link] 578
67 Perioperative renal protection in patients with obstructive jaundice using drug combinations. Author: Wahbah AM, el-Hefny MO, Wafa EM, el-Kharbotly W, el-Enin AA, Zaglol A, Atallah MM. Journal: Hepatogastroenterology; 2000 Nov-Dec; 47(36):1691-4. PubMed ID: 11149033. [Link] 578
68 Prospective study of postoperative renal function in obstructive jaundice and the effect of perioperative dopamine. Author: Parks RW, Diamond T, McCrory DC, Johnston GW, Rowlands BJ. Journal: Br J Surg; 1994 Mar; 81(3):437-9. PubMed ID: 8173923. [Link] 578
69 Effects of dopamine and domperidone on ventilatory sensitivity to hypoxia after 8 h of isocapnic hypoxia. Author: Pedersen ME, Dorrington KL, Robbins PA. Journal: J Appl Physiol; 1999 Jan; 86(1):222-9. PubMed ID: 9887134. [Link] 578
70 Preoperative monitoring of warfarin in cutaneous surgery. Author: Ah-Weng A, Natarajan S, Velangi S, Langtry JA. Journal: Br J Dermatol; 2003 Aug; 149(2):386-9. PubMed ID: 12932248. [Link] 578
71 Surgery in patients treated with anticoagulation during emergency and elective interventions Author: Encke A. Journal: Chirurg; 1997 Jul; 68(7):670-4. PubMed ID: 9340230. [Link] 578
72 Duration of increased bleeding tendency after cessation of aspirin therapy. Author: Cahill RA, McGreal GT, Crowe BH, Ryan DA, Manning BJ, Cahill MR, Redmond HP. ournal: J Am Coll Surg; 2005 Apr; 200(4):564-73; quiz A59-61. PubMed ID: 15804471. [Link] 578
73 Antiplatelet agents in the perioperative period: expert recommendations of the French Society of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (SFAR) 2001--summary statement. Author: Samama CM, Bastien O, Forestier F, Denninger MH, Isetta C, Juliard JM, Lasne D, Leys D, Mismetti P, French Society of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care . Journal: Can J Anaesth; 2002 Jun-Jul; 49(6):S26-35. PubMed ID: 12557412. [Link] 578
74 Obesity in general elective surgery. Author: Dindo D, Muller MK, Weber M, Clavien PA. Journal: Lancet; 2003 Jun 14; 361(9374):2032-5. PubMed ID: 12814714. [Link] 579
75 Bariatric surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Author: Buchwald H, Avidor Y, Braunwald E, Jensen MD, Pories W, Fahrbach K, Schoelles K. Journal: JAMA; 2004 Oct 13; 292(14):1724-37. PubMed ID: 15479938. [Link] 579
76 Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding: weight loss, co-morbidities, medication usage and quality of life at one year. Author: Ahroni JH, Montgomery KF, Watkins BM. Journal: Obes Surg; 2005 May; 15(5):641-7. PubMed ID: 15946454. [Link] 579
(footnote) Surgery in the obese. Mason EE. Lancet; 2003 Jun 14; 361(9374):2001-2. PubMed ID: 12814706 www.thelancet.com 579
The acute abdomen
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Acute appendiscitis
77 Clinical practice. Suspected appendicitis. Paulson EK, Kalady MF, Pappas TN. N Engl J Med; 2003 Jan 16; 348(3):236-42. PubMed ID: 12529465 [Link] 582
78 Appendicectomy: assessment of stump invagination versus simple ligation: a prospective, randomized trial. Author: Engstr“m L, Feny” G. Journal: Br J Surg; 1985 Dec; 72(12):971-2. PubMed ID: 3910160. [Link] 582
79 Simple ligation superior to inversion of the appendiceal stump; a prospective randomized study Author: Jacobs PP, Koeyers GF, Bruyninckx CM. Journal: Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd; 1992 May 23; 136(21):1020-3. PubMed ID: 1603146. [Link] 582
80 Laparoscopic versus open surgery for suspected appendicitis. Author: Sauerland S, Lefering R, Neugebauer EA. Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2004; (4):CD001546. PubMed ID: 15495014.[Link] 582
81 Fertility patterns after appendicectomy: historical cohort study. Author: Andersson R, Lambe M, Bergstr”m R. Journal: BMJ; 1999 Apr 10; 318(7189):963-7. PubMed ID: 10195964. [Link] 582
82 Appendicitis in the young child: a continuing diagnostic challenge. Author: Nance ML, Adamson WT, Hedrick HL. Journal: Pediatr Emerg Care; 2000 Jun; 16(3):160-2. PubMed ID: 10888451. [Link] 582
83 A practical score for the early diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Author: Alvarado A. Journal: Ann Emerg Med; 1986 May; 15(5):557-64. PubMed ID: 3963537. [Link] 583
84 Appraisal of the modified Alvarado Score for acute appendicits in adults. Author: Al-Hashemy AM, Seleem MI. Journal: Saudi Med J; 2004 Sep; 25(9):1229-31. PubMed ID: 15448772. [Link] 583
85 Randomised controlled trial of ultrasonography in diagnosis of acute appendicitis, incorporating the Alvarado score. [Link] 583
86 Evaluation of the Alvarado score in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Author: Shrivastava UK, Gupta A, Sharma D. Journal: Trop Gastroenterol; 2004 Oct-Dec; 25(4):184-6. PubMed ID: 15912982.[Link] 583
Acute pancreatitis
87 Drug-induced pancreatitis: an update. Author: Trivedi CD, Pitchumoni CS. Journal: J Clin Gastroenterol; 2005 Sep; 39(8):709-16. [Link] 584
88 The dynamics of the oxidant-antioxidant balance in the early phase of human acute biliary pancreatitis. Author: Dziurkowska-Marek A, Marek TA, Nowak A, Kacperek-Hartleb T, Sierka E, Nowakowska-Du_awa E. Journal: Pancreatology; 2004; 4(3-4):215-22. PubMed ID: 15148440. [Link]584
89 Congenital abnormalities of the pancreas and biliary tree in adults. Author: Rizzo RJ, Szucs RA, Turner MA. Journal: Radiographics; 1995 Jan; 15(1):49-68; quiz 147-8. PubMed ID: 7899613. [Link]584
90 Should serum pancreatic lipase replace serum amylase as a biomarker of acute pancreatitis? Author: Smith RC, Southwell-Keely J, Chesher D. Journal: ANZ J Surg; 2005 Jun; 75(6):399-404. PubMed ID: 15943725. [Link] 584
91 Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in the assessment of acute pancreatitis. Author: Arvanitakis M, Delhaye M, De Maertelaere V, Bali M, Winant C, Coppens E, Jeanmart J, Zalcman M, Van Gansbeke D, Devi”re J, Matos C. Journal: Gastroenterology; 2004 Mar; 126(3):715-23. PubMed ID: 14988825. [Link] 584
92 Differing effects of pethidine and morphine on human sphincter of Oddi motility. Author: Thune A, Baker RA, Saccone GT, Owen H, Toouli J. Journal: Br J Surg; 1990 Sep; 77(9):992-5. PubMed ID: 2207591. [Link] 584
93 Narcotic analgesic effects on the sphincter of Oddi: a review of the data and therapeutic implications in treating pancreatitis. Author: Thompson DR. Journal: Am J Gastroenterol; 2001 Apr; 96(4):1266-72. PubMed ID: 11316181. [Link] 584
94 Antibiotic therapy for prophylaxis against infection of pancreatic necrosis in acute pancreatitis. Author: Bassi C, Larvin M, Villatoro E. Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2003; (4):CD002941. PubMed ID: 14583957. [Link] 584
95 Moore EM Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2000 Jan;82(1):16-7. [Link] 585
96 C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum phospholipase A2 in the assessment of the severity of acute pancreatitis. Author: Puolakkainen P, Valtonen V, Paananen A, Schr”der T. Journal: Gut; 1987 Jun; 28(6):764-71. PubMed ID: 3623221. [Link] 585 Aneurysms and dissections of arteries
97 A meta-analysis of 50 years of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Author: Bown MJ, Sutton AJ, Bell PR, Sayers RD. Journal: Br J Surg; 2002 Jun; 89(6):714-30. PubMed ID: 12027981. [Link] 586
98 Mortality results for randomised controlled trial of early elective surgery or ultrasonographic surveillance for small abdominal aortic aneurysms. The UK Small Aneurysm Trial Participants. Journal: Lancet; 1998 Nov 21; 352(9141):1649-55. PubMed ID: 9853436. [Link] 586
99 Endovascular repair or surveillance of patients with small AAA. Author: Zarins CK, Crabtree T, Arko FR, Heikkinen MA, Bloch DA, Ouriel K, White RA. Journal: Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg; 2005 May; 29(5):496-503; discussion 504. PubMed ID: 15966088. [Link] 586
100 ‘Trash foot’ following operations involving the abdominal aorta. Author: Kuhan G, Raptis S. Journal: Aust N Z J Surg; 1997 Jan; 67(1):21-4. PubMed ID: 9033371. [Link] 586
101 Role of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in assessment of acute aortic syndromes. [Link] 586
102 Multicentre aneurysm screening study (MASS): cost effectiveness analysis of screening for abdominal aortic aneurysms based on four year results from randomised controlled trial. Author: Multicentre Aneurysm Screening Study Group . Journal: BMJ; 2002 Nov 16; 325(7373):1135. PubMed ID: 12433761. [Link] 587
103 Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysms: single centre randomised controlled trial. Author: Lindholt JS, Juul S, Fasting H, Henneberg EW. Journal: BMJ; 2005 Apr 2; 330(7494):750. PubMed ID: 15757960. [Link] 587
104 Endoleak: predictive value for aneurysm growth at 3 years. http://pubmedhh.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi?id=11904802&from=cqsrJournal: Ann Vasc Surg; 2002 Jan; 16(1):37-42. PubMed ID: 11904802. [Link] 587
Diverticular disease/Angiodysplasia
105 Primary anastomosis or Hartmann’s procedure for patients with diverticular peritonitis? A systematic review. Author: Salem L, Flum DR. Journal: Dis Colon Rectum; 2004 Nov; 47(11):1953-64. PubMed ID: 15622591. [Link] 588
106 Acute diverticulitis. Ferzoco LB, Raptopoulos V, Silen W. N Engl J Med; 1998 May 21; 338(21):1521-6. PubMed ID: 9593792 [Link] 589
107 Imaging diverticular disease. Author: Halligan S, Saunders B. Journal: Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol; 2002 Aug; 16(4):595-610. PubMed ID: 12406453. [Link] 589
108 Elective laparoscopic sigmoid colectomy for diverticulitis. Results of a prospective study. [Link] 589
109 Elective surgery after acute diverticulitis. Author: Janes S, Meagher A, Frizelle FA. Journal: Br J Surg; 2005 Feb; 92(2):133-42. PubMed ID: 15685694. [Link] 589
Gallstones
110 C Corvera 1997 bmj i 586 (success rate: “95%; morbidity is a with ercp) 590
111 Emedicine: an exposition of porcelain gallbladder [Link] 590
112 Timing of cholecystectomy for acute calculous cholecystitis: a meta-analysis. Author: Papi C, Catarci M, D’Ambrosio L, Gili L, Koch M, Grassi GB, Capurso L. Journal: Am J Gastroenterol; 2004 Jan; 99(1):147-55. PubMed ID: 14687156. [Link] 590
113 Acute Acalculous Cholecystitis. Journal: Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol; 2005 Apr; 8(2):99-104. PubMed ID: 15769430. [Link] 590
114 Short-versus long-sequence MRI cholangiography for the preoperative imaging of the common bile duct in patients with cholecystolithiasis. Journal: Surg Endosc; 2005 May 26; ():. PubMed ID: 16021379. [Link] 590
115 Bouveret syndrome. Brennan GB, Rosenberg RD, Arora S. Radiographics; 2004 Jul-Aug; 24(4):1171-5. PubMed ID: 15256636 [Link] 590
116 Randomized clinical trial of open versus laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the treatment of acute cholecystitis. Author: Johansson M, Thune A, Nelvin L, Stiernstam M, Westman B, Lundell L. Journal: Br J Surg; 2005 Jan; 92(1):44-9. PubMed ID: 15584058. [Link] 591
117 Sham neurosurgery in patients with Parkinson’s disease: is it morally acceptable? Author: Dekkers W, Boer G. Journal: J Med Ethics; 2001 Jun; 27(3):151-6. PubMed ID: 11417020. [Link] 591
Gangrene and necrotizing fasciitis/ Skin ulcers
118 Emergence of a unique group of necrotizing mycobacterial diseases. Author: Dobos KM, Quinn FD, Ashford DA, Horsburgh CR, King CH. Journal: Emerg Infect Dis; 1999 May-Jun; 5(3):367-78. PubMed ID: 10341173. [Link] 592
119 Hyperbaric oxygen therapy in acute necrotizing infections. With a special reference to the effects on tissue gas tensions. Author: Korhonen K. Journal: Ann Chir Gynaecol; 2000; 89 Suppl 214():7-36. PubMed ID: 11288993. [Link] 592
120 Systematic review of antimicrobial agents used for chronic wounds. Author: O’Meara SM, Cullum NA, Majid M, Sheldon TA. Journal: Br J Surg; 2001 Jan; 88(1):4-21. PubMed ID: 11136304. [Link] 592
121 Cutaneous tuberculosis: diagnosis and treatment. Author: Barbagallo J, Tager P, Ingleton R, Hirsch RJ, Weinberg JM. Journal: Am J Clin Dermatol; 2002; 3(5):319-28. PubMed ID: 12069638. [Link] 593
Mesenteric ischaemia
122 For a review of acute small bowel ischaemia, see web reference below [Link] 594
123 Non-occlusive mesenteric ischemia: etiology, diagnosis, and interventional therapy. [Link] 594
124 Biphasic CT with mesenteric CT angiography in the evaluation of acute mesenteric ischemia: initial experience. Author: Kirkpatrick ID, Kroeker MA, Greenberg HM. Journal: Radiology; 2003 Oct; 229(1):91-8. PubMed ID: 12944600. [Link] 594
125 Systematic review of survival after acute mesenteric ischaemia according to disease aetiology. Author: Schoots IG, Koffeman GI, Legemate DA, Levi M, van Gulik TM. Journal: Br J Surg; 2004 Jan; 91(1):17-27. PubMed ID: 14716789. [Link] 594
126 MR angiography: noninvasive vascular imaging of the abdomen. Author: Laissy JP, Trillaud H, Douek P. Journal: Abdom Imaging; 2002 Sep-Oct; 27(5):488-506. PubMed ID: 12172987. [Link] 594
127 Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty in the treatment of chronic mesenteric ischemia: results and 3 years of follow-up in 23 patients. Author: Maspes F, Mazzetti di Pietralata G, Gandini R, Innocenzi L, Lupattelli L, Barzi F, Simonetti G. Journal: Abdom Imaging; 1998 Jul-Aug; 23(4):358-63. PubMed ID: 9663269. [Link] 594
128 Collateral mesenteric circulation. Author: Fisher DF, Fry WJ. Journal: Surg Gynecol Obstet; 1987 May; 164(5):487-92. PubMed ID: 3554567. [Link] 595
129 The adequacy of the marginal blood-supply to the left colon after high ligation of the inferior mesenteric artery during excision of the rectum. GOLIGHER JC. Br J Surg; 1954 Jan; 41(168):351-3. PubMed ID: 13126470 [Link] 595
130 For a review of gastric volvulus, see web reference below [Link] 595 Limb ischaemia
131 Thrombangiitis obliterans (Buerger’s disease): still a limb threatening disease. Author: Van Damme H, De Leval L, Creemers E, Limet R. Journal: Acta Chir Belg; 1997 Oct; 97(5):229-36. PubMed ID: 9394964. [Link] 596
132 Gadolinium-enhanced MR angiography as first-line preoperative imaging in high-risk patients with lower limb ischemia. Author: Brillet PY, Vayssairat M, Tassart M, Deux JF, Bazot M, Allaire E, Boudghene F. Journal: J Vasc Interv Radiol; 2003 Sep; 14(9 Pt 1):1139-45. PubMed ID: 14514805.[Link] 596
133 Exercise training versus angioplasty for stable claudication. Long and medium term results of a prospective, randomised trial. [Link] 596
134 Does supervised exercise offer adjuvant benefit over exercise advice alone for the treatment of intermittent claudication? A randomised trial. Author: Cheetham DR, Burgess L, Ellis M, Williams A, Greenhalgh RM, Davies AH. Journal: Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg; 2004 Jan; 27(1):17-23. PubMed ID: 14652832. [Link] 596
135 Vein versus polytetrafluoroethylene in above-knee femoropopliteal bypass grafting: five-year results of a randomized controlled trial. Author: Klinkert P, Schepers A, Burger DH, van Bockel JH, Breslau PJ. Journal: J Vasc Surg; 2003 Jan; 37(1):149-55. PubMed ID: 12514593. [Link] 596
136 Warfarin improves the outcome of infrainguinal vein bypass grafting at high risk for failure. Author: Sarac TP, Huber TS, Back MR, Ozaki CK, Carlton LM, Flynn TC, Seeger JM. Journal: J Vasc Surg; 1998 Sep; 28(3):446-57. PubMed ID: 9737454. [Link] 596
137 Major lower extremity amputation: outcome of a modern series. Author: Aulivola B, Hile CN, Hamdan AD, Sheahan MG, Veraldi JR, Skillman JJ, Campbell DR, Scovell SD, LoGerfo FW, Pomposelli FB. Journal: Arch Surg; 2004 Apr; 139(4):395-9; discussion 399. PubMed ID: 15078707. [Link] 596
138 Gabapentin in postamputation phantom limb pain: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study. Author: Bone M, Critchley P, Buggy DJ. Journal: Reg Anesth Pain Med; 2002 Sep-Oct; 27(5):481-6. PubMed ID: 12373695. [Link] 596
139 Surgery versus thrombolysis for acute limb ischaemia: initial management. [Link] 597
Obstruction of the bowel
140 For an exposition on Ogilvie’s syndrome see the reference below. [Link] 599
141 Chronic Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction. Journal: Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol; 2005 Feb; 8(1):3-11. PubMed ID: 15625029. [Link] 599
Some paediatric surgical emergencies
142 An idea suggested by Dr. P.S. Ireland, reflecting on current dietary habit after a consultation with a patient with intussusception [Link] 600
Torsion of the testisNo links
Urinary retention and benign prostatic hypertrophy
143 Tamsulosin in the management of patients in acute urinary retention from benign prostatic hyperplasia. Author: Lucas MG, Stephenson TP, Nargund V. Journal: BJU Int; 2005 Feb; 95(3):354-7. PubMed ID: 15679793. [Link] 602
144 Comparison of long-term results of transurethral incision of the prostate with transurethral resection of the prostate, in patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy. Author: Tkocz M, Prajsner A. Journal: Neurourol Urodyn; 2002; 21(2):112-6. PubMed ID: 11857663. [Link] 602
145 A randomized prospective study of laser ablation of the prostate versus transurethral resection of the prostate in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Author: Shingleton WB, Terrell F, Renfroe DL, Kolski JM, Fowler JE. Journal: Urology; 1999 Dec; 54(6):1017-21. PubMed ID: 10604701. [Link] 602
146 Serenoa repens for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Author: Wilt T, Ishani A, Mac Donald R. Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2002; (3):CD001423. PubMed ID: 12137626. [Link] 602
147 Saw palmetto for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Author: Bent S, Kane C, Shinohara K, Neuhaus J, Hudes ES, Goldberg H, Avins AL. Journal: N Engl J Med; 2006 Feb 9; 354(6):557-66. PubMed ID: 16467543. [Link] 602
148 A comparison of the effect of 1.5% glycine and 5% glucose irrigants on plasma serum physiology and the incidence of transurethral resection syndrome during prostate resection. Author: Collins JW, Macdermott S, Bradbrook RA, Keeley FX, Timoney AG. Journal: BJU Int; 2005 Aug; 96(3):368-72. PubMed ID: 16042732. [Link] 603
(footnote) Urology. 1999 Nov;54(5):857-61. Lechevallier E, Eghazarian C, Ortega JC, Roux F, Coulange C. Effect of digital rectal examination on serum complexed and free prostate-specific antigen and percentage of free prostate-specific antigen. English [Link] 602
(footnote) [The effect of acute urinary retention on serum prostate specific antigen concentration] Author: Hua LX, Wu HF, Sui YG, Cheng SG, Xu ZQ. Journal: Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue; 2002; 8(2):134-5. PubMed ID: 12479031. [Link] 602
(footnote) The influence of finasteride on the development of prostate cancer. Author: Thompson IM, Goodman PJ, Tangen CM, Lucia MS, Miller GJ, Ford LG, Lieber MM, Cespedes RD, Atkins JN, Lippman SM, Carlin SM, Ryan A, Szczepanek CM, Crowley JJ, Coltman CA. Journal: N Engl J Med; 2003 Jul 17; 349(3):215-24. PubMed ID: 12824459. [Link] 602
Urinary incontinence
149 Evaluation of female pelvic-floor muscle function and strength. Author: B” K, Sherburn M. Journal: Phys Ther; 2005 Mar; 85(3):269-82. PubMed ID: 15733051. [Link] 604
150 Duloxetine vs placebo in the treatment of stress urinary incontinence: a four-continent randomized clinical trial. Author: Millard RJ, Moore K, Rencken R, Yalcin I, Bump RC, Duloxetine UI Study Group . Journal: BJU Int; 2004 Feb; 93(3):311-8. PubMed ID: 14764128. [Link] 604
151 Burch procedure compared with sling for stress urinary incontinence: a decision analysis. [Link] 604
152 Clinical efficacy and safety of tolterodine compared to placebo in detrusor overactivity. Author: Millard R, Tuttle J, Moore K, Susset J, Clarke B, Dwyer P, Davis BE. Journal: J Urol; 1999 May; 161(5):1551-5. PubMed ID: 10210394. [Link] 605
153 Tolterodine versus oxybutynin in the treatment of urge urinary incontinence: a meta-analysis. Author: Harvey MA, Baker K, Wells GA. Journal: Am J Obstet Gynecol; 2001 Jul; 185(1):56-61. PubMed ID: 11483904. [Link] 605
154 Use of peripheral neuromodulation of the S3 region for treatment of detrusor overactivity: a urodynamic-based study. Author: Klingler HC, Pycha A, Schmidbauer J, Marberger M. Journal: Urology; 2000 Nov 1; 56(5):766-71. PubMed ID: 11068296. [Link] 605
155 For the budding urologist see: Improving Outcomes in Urological Cancers. NICE Cancer Service Guideline: Improving Outcomes in Urological Cancers, downloadable from: [Link] 606
Urinary tract malignancies
156 Preoperative evaluation of renal anatomy and renal masses with helical CT, 3D-CT and 3D-CT angiography. Author: Toprak U, Erdo_an A, G”lbay M, Karademir MA, Pa_ao_lu E, Akar OE. Journal: Diagn Interv Radiol; 2005 Mar; 11(1):35-40. PubMed ID: 15795842. [Link] 606
157 Preoperative imaging in renal cell cancer. Author: Heidenreich A, Ravery V, European Society of Oncological Urology . Journal: World J Urol; 2004 Nov; 22(5):307-15. PubMed ID: 15290202. [Link] 606
158 Which is the real gold standard for small-volume renal tumors? Radical nephrectomy versus nephron-sparing surgery. Author: Manikandan R, Srinivasan V, Ran” A. Journal: J Endourol; 2004 Feb; 18(1):39-44. PubMed ID: 15006052. [Link] 606
159 Interleukin-2- and interferon alfa-2a-based immunochemotherapy in advanced renal cell carcinoma: a Prospectively Randomized Trial of the German Cooperative Renal Carcinoma Chemoimmunotherapy Group (DGCIN). Author: Atzpodien J et al. Prospectively Randomized Trial of the German Cooperative Renal Carcinoma Chemoimmunotherapy Group (DGCIN) . Journal: J Clin Oncol; 2004 Apr 1; 22(7):1188-94. PubMed ID: 14981107. [Link] 606
160 Noninvasive detection of clinically occult lymph-node metastases in prostate cancer. Author: Harisinghani MG, Barentsz J, Hahn PF, Deserno WM, Tabatabaei S, van de Kaa CH, de la Rosette J, Weissleder R. Journal: N Engl J Med; 2003 Jun 19; 348(25):2491-9. PubMed ID: 12815134. [Link] 606
161 Radical prostatectomy versus watchful waiting in early prostate cancer. Author: Bill-Axelson A, Holmberg L, Ruutu M, H”ggman M, Andersson SO, Bratell S, Sp”ngberg A, Busch C, Nordling S, Garmo H, Palmgren J, Adami HO, Norl”n BJ, Johansson JE, Scandinavian Prostate Cancer Group Study No. 4 . Journal: N Engl J Med; 2005 May 12; 352(19):1977-84. PubMed ID: 15888698. [Link] 606
162 Androgen suppression adjuvant to definitive radiotherapy in prostate carcinoma--long-term results of phase III RTOG 85-31. Author: Pilepich MV, Winter K, Lawton CA, Krisch RE, Wolkov HB, Movsas B, Hug EB, Asbell SO, Grignon D. Journal: Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys; 2005 Apr 1; 61(5):1285-90. PubMed ID: 15817329. [Link] 606
163 Natural experiment examining impact of aggressive screening and treatment on prostate cancer mortality in two fixed cohorts from Seattle area and Connecticut. Author: Lu-Yao G, Albertsen PC, Stanford JL, Stukel TA, Walker-Corkery ES, Barry MJ. Journal: BMJ; 2002 Oct 5; 325(7367):740. PubMed ID: 12364300. [Link] 607
164 For the full TNM staging of prostatic carcinoma see: www.prostateinfo.com/patient/treatment/tnm.asp 607
165 British Journal of Cancer (2006) 94, 1361-1368. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6603105. A model of the natural history of screen-detected prostate cancer, and the effect of radical treatment on overall survival. C Parker [Link] 607
166 British Journal of Cancer (2006) 94, 1361-1368. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6603105. A model of the natural history of screen-detected prostate cancer, and the effect of radical treatment on overall survival. C Parker [Link] 607 Bladder tumours
167 Intravesical bacille Calmette-Gu”rin versus mitomycin C in superficial bladder cancer: formal meta-analysis of comparative studies on tumor progression. Author: B”hle A, Bock PR. Journal: Urology; 2004 Apr; 63(4):682-6; discussion 686-7. PubMed ID: 15072879. [Link] 608
168 Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for invasive bladder cancer. Author: Advanced Bladder Cancer Overview Collaboration . Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2005; (2):CD005246. PubMed ID: 15846746. [Link] 608
169 How safe is 1% alum irrigation in controlling intractable vesical hemorrhage? Author: Goswami AK, Mahajan RK, Nath R, Sharma SK. Journal: J Urol; 1993 Feb; 149(2):264-7. PubMed ID: 8426397.[Link] 608
170 Isolated asymptomatic microhematuria: a cross-sectional analysis of test-positive and test-negative patients. Author: Mohr DN, Offord KP, Melton LJ. Journal: J Gen Intern Med; 1987 Sep-Oct; 2(5):318-24. PubMed ID: 3498809. [Link]” 609
171 Time to abandon testing for microscopic haematuria in adults? Malmstr”m PU. BMJ; 2003 Apr 12; 326(7393):813-5. PubMed ID: 12689982 [Link] 609
172 The effect of exercise intensity on hematuria in healthy male runners. Author: McInnis MD, Newhouse IJ, von Duvillard SP, Thayer R. Journal: Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol; 1998 Dec; 79(1):99-105. PubMed ID: 10052668. [Link] 609
Breast lumps and breast carcinoma
173 Favourable and unfavourable effects on long-term survival of radiotherapy for early breast cancer: an overview of the randomised trials. Early Breast Cancer Trialists’ Collaborative Group. Journal: Lancet; 2000 May 20; 355(9217):1757-70. PubMed ID: 10832826. [Link] 610
174 Effects of radiotherapy and surgery in early breast cancer. An overview of the randomized trials. Early Breast Cancer Trialists’ Collaborative Group. Journal: N Engl J Med; 1995 Nov 30; 333(22):1444-55. PubMed ID: 7477144. [Link] 610
175 Tamoxifen for early breast cancer: an overview of the randomised trials. Early Breast Cancer Trialists’ Collaborative Group. Journal: Lancet; 1998 May 16; 351(9114):1451-67. PubMed ID: 9605801. [Link] 610
176 Ovarian ablation for early breast cancer. Early Breast Cancer Trialists’ Collaborative Group. Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2000; (2):CD000485. PubMed ID: 10796722. [Link] 610
177 Use of chemotherapy plus a monoclonal antibody against HER 2 for metastatic breast cancer that overexpresses HER2. Author: Slamon DJ, Leyland-Jones B, Shak S, Fuchs H, Paton V, Bajamonde A, Fleming T, Eiermann W, Wolter J, Pegram M, Baselga J, Norton L. Journal: N Engl J Med; 2001 Mar 15; 344(11):783-92. PubMed ID: 11248153. [Link] 610
178 Deaths from breast cancer fall dramatically in UK and US BMJ; 2000 May 27; 320(7247):1428A. PubMed ID: 0010827041 www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/320/7247/1428/a 610
179 Initial Results of the Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene (STAR) Released: Osteoporosis Drug Raloxifene Shown to be as Effective as Tamoxifen in Preventing Invasive Breast Cancer [Link] 610
180 A randomized comparison of sentinel-node biopsy with routine axillary dissection in breast cancer. Author: Veronesi U, Paganelli G, Viale G, Luini A, Zurrida S, Galimberti V, Intra M, Veronesi P, Robertson C, Maisonneuve P, Renne G, De Cicco C, De Lucia F, Gennari R. Journal: N Engl J Med; 2003 Aug 7; 349(6):546-53. PubMed ID: 12904519. [Link] 611
(footnote) Benign breast disease and the risk of breast cancer. Author: Hartmann LC, Sellers TA, Frost MH, Lingle WL, Degnim AC, Ghosh K, Vierkant RA, Maloney SD, Pankratz VS, Hillman DW, Suman VJ, Johnson J, Blake C, Tlsty T, Vachon CM, Melton LJ, Visscher DW. Journal: N Engl J Med; 2005 Jul 21; 353(3):229-37. PubMed ID: 16034008. [Link] 611
Colorectal adenocarcinoma
181 Environmental and other risk factors for colorectal carcinogenesis. Author: Papapolychroniadis C. Journal: Tech Coloproctol; 2004 Nov; 8 Suppl 1():s7-9. PubMed ID: 15655649. [Link] 612
182 Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and molecular carcinogenesis of colorectal carcinomas. Author: Huls G, Koornstra JJ, Kleibeuker JH. Journal: Lancet; 2003 Jul 19; 362(9379):230-2. PubMed ID: 12885487. [Link] 612
183 For the latest NICE guidance on treating colorectal cancer see: Improving Outcomes in Colorectal Cancers, downloadable from: [Link] 612
184 Suturing or stapling in gastrointestinal surgery: a prospective randomized study. West of Scotland and Highland Anastomosis Study Group. Journal: Br J Surg; 1991 Mar; 78(3):337-41. PubMed ID: 2021851. [Link] 612
185 Preoperative radiotherapy for resectable rectal cancer: A meta-analysis. Author: Camm” C, Giunta M, Fiorica F, Pagliaro L, Crax” A, Cottone M. Journal: JAMA; 2000 Aug 23-30; 284(8):1008-15. PubMed ID: 10944647. [Link] 612
186 Adjuvant preoperative radiotherapy in patients with rectal carcinoma. Adverse effects during long term follow-up of two randomized trials. Author: Holm T, Singnomklao T, Rutqvist LE, Cedermark B. Journal: Cancer; 1996 Sep 1; 78(5):968-76. PubMed ID: 8780533. [Link] 612
187 Adjuvant 5FU plus levamisole in colonic or rectal cancer: improved survival in stage II and III. Author: Taal BG, Van Tinteren H, Zoetmulder FA, NACCP group . Journal: Br J Cancer; 2001 Nov 16; 85(10):1437-43. PubMed ID: 11720425. [Link] 612
188 For a review of management of colorectal cancer, see A Leslie 2002 Postgrad Med J 78:473-8 www.postgradmedj.com 612
189 Anastomotic leakage is predictive of diminished survival after potentially curative resection for colorectal cancer. Author: Walker KG, Bell SW, Rickard MJ, Mehanna D, Dent OF, Chapuis PH, Bokey EL. Journal: Ann Surg; 2004 Aug; 240(2):255-9. PubMed ID: 15273549. [Link] 612
190 For an overiew on screening for colorectal cancer see: Clinical practice. Screening for colorectal cancer. Ransohoff DF, Sandler RS. N Engl J Med; 2002 Jan 3; 346(1):40-4. PubMed ID: 11778002[Link] 613
191 Flexible sigmoidoscopy in the PLCO cancer screening trial: results from the baseline screening examination of a randomized trial. Author: Weissfeld JL, Schoen RE, Pinsky PF, Bresalier RS, Church T, Yurgalevitch S, Austin JH, Prorok PC, Gohagan JK, PLCO Project Team . Journal: J Natl Cancer Inst; 2005 Jul 6; 97(13):989-97. PubMed ID: 15998952. [Link] 613
Carcinoma of the stomach/Carcinoma of the oesophagus
192 Laparoscopy significantly improves the perceived preoperative stage of gastric cancer. Author: Blackshaw GR, Barry JD, Edwards P, Allison MC, Thomas GV, Lewis WG. Journal: Gastric Cancer; 2003; 6(4):225-9. PubMed ID: 14716516. [Link] 614
193 Chemotherapy for advanced gastric cancer. Author: Wagner AD, Grothe W, Behl S, Kleber G, Grothey A, Haerting J, Fleig WE. Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2005; (2):CD004064. PubMed ID: 15846694. [Link] 614
194 Guidelines for the management of oesophageal and gastric cancer. Allum WH, Griffin SM, Watson A, Colin-Jones D, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland , British Society of Gastroenterology , British Association of Surgical Oncology . Gut; 2002 Jun; 50 Suppl 5():v1-23. PubMed ID: 12049068 [Link] 614
195 Preoperative chemotherapy for resectable thoracic esophageal cancer. Author: Malthaner R, Fenlon D. Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2003; (4):CD001556. PubMed ID: 14583936. [Link]614
196 Neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy for resectable esophageal cancer: a clinical practice guideline. Author: Malthaner RA, Wong RK, Rumble RB, Zuraw L, Gastrointestinal Cancer Disease Site Group of Cancer Care Ontario’s Program in Evidence-based Care . Journal: BMC Cancer; 2004 Sep 24; 4():67. PubMed ID: 15447791. [Link] 614
197 Combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy (without surgery) compared with radiotherapy alone in localized carcinoma of the esophagus. Author: Wong R, Malthaner R. Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2001; (2):CD002092. PubMed ID: 11406033. [Link] 614
198 For an exposition on the proposed development of cancer services in the UK see: The NHS Cancer Plan, downloadable from: [Link] 615
(footnote) Effect of a surgical training programme on outcome of rectal cancer in the County of Stockholm. Stockholm Colorectal Cancer Study Group, Basingstoke Bowel Cancer Research Project. Author: Martling AL, Holm T, Rutqvist LE, Moran BJ, Heald RJ, Cedemark B. Journal: Lancet; 2000 Jul 8; 356(9224):93-6. PubMed ID: 10963244. [Link] 612
Lumps
199 Dercum’s disease: a severe complication in a rare disease. A case report Author: Haddad D, Athmani B, Costa A, Cartier S. Journal: Ann Chir Plast Esthet; 2005 Jun; 50(3):247-50. PubMed ID: 15963847. [Link] 616
200 Improving the results of ganglion aspiration by the use of hyaluronidase. Author: Paul AS, Sochart DH. Journal: J Hand Surg [Br]; 1997 Apr; 22(2):219-21. PubMed ID: 9149991. [Link] 616
201 No link available 617Lumps in the groin and scrotum
202 Analysis of 508 infertile male patients in south-western Finland in 1980-2000: hormonal status and factors predisposing to immunological infertility. Author: Ver“j”nkorva E, Laato M, P“ll”nen P. Journal: Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol; 2003 Dec 10; 111(2):173-8. PubMed ID: 14597247. [Link] 618
203 Association for Genitourinary Medicine (AGUM), Medical Society for the Study of Venereal Disease (MSSVVD). 2002 national guideline for the management of epididymo-orchitis. [Link] 618
204 Upper genital tract infection in men--Epididymitis [Link] 618
205 Casparie M 2004 Pubmed 15211966 618
(footnote) Assessment of efficacy of varicocele repair for male subfertility: a systematic review. Author: Evers JL, Collins JA. Journal: Lancet; 2003 May 31; 361(9372):1849-52. PubMed ID: 12788571. [Link]619
Lumps in the neck(footnote) Kikuchi’s disease: a Singapore case series. Author: Poulose V, Chiam P, Poh WT. Journal: Singapore Med J; 2005 May; 46(5):229-32. PubMed ID: 15858692. [Link] 620
Lumps in the thyroid
206 Can cytology accurately predict benign follicular nodules? Author: Smith J, Cheifetz RE, Schneidereit N, Berean K, Thomson T. Journal: Am J Surg; 2005 May; 189(5):592-5; discussion 595. PubMed ID: 15862502. [Link] 622
207 Thyroid carcinoma. Author: Sherman SI. Journal: Lancet; 2003 Feb 8; 361(9356):501-11. PubMed ID: 12583960. [Link] 622
Abdominal masses No links
Around the anus
208 Topical capsaicin--a novel and effective treatment for idiopathic intractable pruritus ani: a randomised, placebo controlled, crossover study. Author: Lysy J, Sistiery-Ittah M, Israelit Y, Shmueli A, Strauss-Liviatan N, Mindrul V, Keret D, Goldin E. Journal: Gut; 2003 Sep; 52(9):1323-6. PubMed ID: 12912865. [Link] 626
209 Ischaemic nature of anal fissure. Author: Schouten WR, Briel JW, Auwerda JJ, De Graaf EJ. Journal: Br J Surg; 1996 Jan; 83(1):63-5. PubMed ID: 8653368. [Link] 626
210 Progress in the understanding and treatment of chronic anal fissure. Author: McCallion K, Gardiner KR. Journal: Postgrad Med J; 2001 Dec; 77(914):753-8. PubMed ID: 11723312. [Link] 626
211 Operative procedures for fissure in ano. Author: Nelson R. Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2005; (2):CD002199. PubMed ID: 15846630. [Link] 626
212 MR imaging of fistula-in-ano. Author: Halligan S, Buchanan G. Journal: Eur J Radiol; 2003 Aug; 47(2):98-107. PubMed ID: 12880990. [Link] 626
213 Pre-operative assessment of anal fistulas using endoanal ultrasound. Author: Lengyel AJ, Hurst NG, Williams JG. Journal: Colorectal Dis; 2002 Nov; 4(6):436-40. PubMed ID: 12790915. [Link] 626
214 Randomized clinical trial comparing primary closure with the Limberg flap in the treatment of primary sacrococcygeal pilonidal disease. Author: Akca T, Colak T, Ustunsoy B, Kanik A, Aydin S. Journal: Br J Surg; 2005 Sep; 92(9):1081-4. PubMed ID: 16078300. [Link] 626
215 Surgical management of rectal prolapse. Author: Madiba TE, Baig MK, Wexner SD. Journal: Arch Surg; 2005 Jan; 140(1):63-73. PubMed ID: 15655208. [Link] 626
216 For a review of anal carcinoma, see N Esiashvili 2002 The Oncologist 7:188-199 www.theoncologist.com 627
(footnote) [EUS results of malignant rectal giant condyloma acuminatum (Buschke-Loewenstein tumor)] Author: Strock P, Barrioz T, Lauroy J, Babin P, Mordi A, Fort E, Laurin C, Sevestre C, Silvain C. Journal: Gastroenterol Clin Biol; 2004 Aug-Sep; 28(8-9):801-3. PubMed ID: 15646541. [Link] 627
(footnote) Online dermatology library image. [Link] 627
Haemorrhoids (piles)
217 A randomized controlled trial of rubber band ligation versus infra-red coagulation in the treatment of internal haemorrhoids. Author: Poen AC, Felt-Bersma RJ, Cuesta MA, Devill” W, Meuwissen SG. Journal: Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol; 2000 May; 12(5):535-9. PubMed ID: 10833097. [Link] 628
218 Long stapled haemorrhoidectomy versus Milligan-Morgan procedure: short- and long-term results of a randomised, controlled, prospective trial Author: Ascanelli S, Gregorio C, Tonini G, Baccarini M, Azzena G. Journal: Chir Ital; 2005 Jul-Aug; 57(4):439-47. PubMed ID: 16060181. [Link] 628
219 Double-blind randomised controlled trial of effect of metronidazole on pain after day-case haemorrhoidectomy. Author: Carapeti EA, Kamm MA, McDonald PJ, Phillips RK. Journal: Lancet; 1998 Jan 17; 351(9097):169-72. PubMed ID: 9449871. [Link] 628
Hernias
220 Long-term follow-up of a randomized controlled trial of suture versus mesh repair of incisional hernia. Author: Burger JW, Luijendijk RW, Hop WC, Halm JA, Verdaasdonk EG, Jeekel J. Journal: Ann Surg; 2004 Oct; 240(4):578-83; discussion 583-5. PubMed ID: 15383785. [Link] 630
221 Ward reduction without general anaesthesia versus reduction and repair under general anaesthesia for gastroschisis in newborn infants. Author: Davies MW, Kimble RM, Woodgate PG. Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2002; (3):CD003671. PubMed ID: 12137704. [Link] 631
Inguinal hernias
222 Transabdominal pre-peritoneal (TAPP) vs totally extraperitoneal (TEP) laparoscopic techniques for inguinal hernia repair. Author: Wake BL, McCormack K, Fraser C, Vale L, Perez J, Grant AM. Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2005; (1):CD004703. PubMed ID: 15674961. [Link] 632
Varicose veins (VVs)
223 The epidemiology of chronic venous insufficiency and varicose veins. Author: Beebe-Dimmer JL, Pfeifer JR, Engle JS, Schottenfeld D. Journal: Ann Epidemiol; 2005 Mar; 15(3):175-84. PubMed ID: 15723761. [Link] 634
224 Currently under investigation by NICE. Check progress at: [Link] 635
225 Surgery versus sclerotherapy for the treatment of varicose veins. Author: Rigby KA, Palfreyman SJ, Beverley C, Michaels JA. Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2004; (4):CD004980. PubMed ID: 15495134. [Link] 654
226 J Herman 1997 BMJ 315 [Link] 635
Gastric surgery and its aftermath
227 Extended versus limited lymph nodes dissection technique for adenocarcinoma of the stomach. Author: McCulloch P, Nita ME, Kazi H, Gama-Rodrigues J. Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2004; (4):CD001964. PubMed ID: 15495024. [Link] 636
228 Afferent loop obstruction presenting as acute pancreatitis and pseudocyst: case reports and review of the literature. Author: Conter RL, Converse JO, McGarrity TJ, Koch KL. Journal: Surgery; 1990 Jul; 108(1):22-7. PubMed ID: 2360186. [Link] 636
229 For a description of Dumping Syndrome see: [Link] 636
230 229 Long-term effect of alpha-glucosidase inhibitor on late dumping syndrome. Author: Hasegawa T, Yoneda M, Nakamura K, Ohnishi K, Harada H, Kyouda T, Yoshida Y, Makino I. Journal: J Gastroenterol Hepatol; 1998 Dec; 13(12):1201-6. PubMed ID: 9918426. [Link] 636
231 For an account of Billroth’s life and achievements see: [Link] 637
232 Don’t forget Polya! [Link]
637Operations for peptic ulcers
233 Laparoscopic Highly Selective Vagotomy. Journal: Semin Laparosc Surg; 1994 Sep; 1(3):150-153. PubMed ID: 10401051. [Link] 638
234 Laparoscopic repair of perforated peptic ulcer: a meta-analysis. Author: Lau H. Journal: Surg Endosc; 2004 Jul; 18(7):1013-21. PubMed ID: 15136924. [Link] 638
Fundoplication for gastro-oesophageal reflux No links
Minimally invasive surgery
235 Laparoscopic versus open surgery for suspected appendicitis. Author: Sauerland S, Lefering R, Neugebauer EA. Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2004; (4):CD001546. PubMed ID: 15495014.[Link] 640
236 Transabdominal pre-peritoneal (TAPP) vs totally extraperitoneal (TEP) laparoscopic techniques for inguinal hernia repair. Author: Wake BL, McCormack K, Fraser C, Vale L, Perez J, Grant AM. Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2005; (1):CD004703. PubMed ID: 15674961. [Link] 640
237 Short term benefits for laparoscopic colorectal resection. Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2005 Jul 20; 3():CD003145. PubMed ID: 16034888. [Link] 640
238 Laparoscopic repair of perforated peptic ulcer: a meta-analysis. Author: Lau H. Journal: Surg Endosc; 2004 Jul; 18(7):1013-21. PubMed ID: 15136924. [Link] 640
239 Immunologic postoperative competence after laparoscopy versus laparotomy. Author: Bolla G, Tuzzato G. Journal: Surg Endosc; 2003 Aug; 17(8):1247-50. PubMed ID: 12799884. [Link] 640
240 See: [Link] 640
Chapter 15: Epidemiology
Epidemiology
1 Lancet 1996 348 1251 [Link]; page 642
2 Dr Peter Bribdle 2005 risk calculations--see NICE and SIGN guidelines and British study of over 12,000 people published in the November issue of the British Journal of General Practice [Link]; page 642
Evidence-based medicine (EBM)
3 F Davidoff 1995 bmj i 1085 & W Rosenberg 1995 bmj i 1122 & ii 259 [Link]; page 644
4 Evidence-based Medicine bma, Journal marketing dept, po box 299, London wc1h 9jp-tel. 020 7383 6270. See L Ridsdale Evidence-based General Practice, isbn 0 7020 1611” & A Miles 1995 Effective Clinical Practice, Blackwell 644 5 ASTIN: a Bayesian adaptive dose-response trial in acute stroke. Author: Grieve AP, Krams M. Journal: Clin Trials; 2005; 2(4):340-51; discussion 352-8, 364-78. PubMed ID: 16281432. [Link]; page 644
6 F Davidoff 1995 bmj i 1085 & W Rosenberg 1995 bmj i 1122 & ii 259 [Link]; page 644
Six to five against
7 D Runyon `A Nice Price’, in Runyon on Broadway, 1950, Constable [Link]; page 646
Investigations change the odds
8 BMJ 2001;323:372 Is it possible to exclude a diagnosis of myocardial damage within six hours of admission to an emergency department? Diagnostic cohort study. K Herren [Link]; page 648
10 C Hawke 1997 BMJ i 1690 [Link]; page 648
11 P Moayeddi 1997 bmj i 119 [Link]; page 648
11 Rees Rules were first formulated in The Times on June 9th 1988, page 15 650 12 E Black Diagnostic Strategies 2e 33 Am Col Physic [Link]; page 648
Clin Biochem. 2003 Feb;36(1):27-30. Agewall S. Evaluation of point-of-care test systems using the new definition of myocardial infarction. English [Link]; page 648
Number needed to treat (NNT)/Screening13 No reference available page 650 14 Rees Rules were first formulated in The Times on June 9th 1988, page 15 650 15 Numbers needed to treat derived from meta-analyses--sometimes informative, usually misleading L Smeeth [Link]; page 651
16 Confidence intervals for the number needed to treat DG Altman [Link]; page 651
Chapter 16: Clinical chemistry
Clinical chemistry No links
On being normal in the society of numbersNo links
The laboratory and ward tests No links
Intravenous fluid therapy
1 Proc Nutr Soc; 2004 Aug; 63(3):453-66. PubMed ID: 15373958 page 656
IV fluids on the surgical ward No links
Acid-base balance No links
Kidney function
2 R Gabriel Postgraduate Nephrology 3 ed, Butterworth; page 660
3 A Levey Ann Intern Med. 1999 Mar 16;130(6):461-70A more accurate method to estimate glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine: a new prediction equation. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group. [Link]; page 661
4 No reference available; page 661
Urate and the kidney No links
Electrolyte physiology
5 BRS/RA INTEGRATED CONFERENCE 2006At What Level Does Quantification of Estimated GFR Cease to Become Useful?. M Kao Department of Renal Medicine, Ninewells Hospital,The level of correlation declined with increasing GFR (r2 value of 0.661 in GFR<60 ml/min/1.73m2, r
2 of 0.255 in GFR between 60-90 ml/min/1.73m2 and r
2 of 0.068 in GFR >90 ml/min/1.73m2). eGFR progressively underestimated with increasing GFR. [Link]; page 665
(footnote) Nagaya N, Goto Y, Nishikimi T, Uematsu M, Miyao Y, Kobayashi Y, Miyazaki S, Hamada S, Kuribayashi S, Takamiya M, Matsuo H, Kangawa K, Nonogi H. Sustained elevation on plasma brain natriuretic peptide levels associated with progressive ventricular remodelling after acute myocardial infarction. Clin Sci (Lond). 1999 Feb; 96(2): 129-36.; page 665 (twice)
Sodium: hyponatraemia/Hypernatraemia
7 N Lane 1999 bmj i 1363 [Link]; page 667
(footnote) Hillier TA, Abbott RD. Barrett EJ. Hyponatremia: evaluating the correction factor for hyperglycemia. Am J Med, 1999 Aprl 106(4): 399-403. Comment in: Am J Med. 2000 Feb;108(2): 180-1.; page 666
Potassium/ Hyperkalaemia/ Hypokalaemia No links
Calcium: physiology/Hypocalcaemia No links
Hypercalcaemia
8 Bone isoenzyme of serum alkaline phosphatase and urinary hydroxyproline excretion in thyrotoxicosis. Broulik PD [Link]; page 673
(footnote) Acid-base disorders [Link]; page 673
Metabolic bone diseases 1.Osteoporosis/ 2. Paget’s disease of bone
9 D Gatti 1999 Drugs & Aging 15 285 674
10 No reference available 674
11 TA
087 Osteoporosis - secondary prevention - Quick Reference Guide [Link]; page 674
3. Osteomalacia No links
Plasma proteins
12 Circulation 2003;107:363-369, page 678
Plasma enzymesNo links
Tumour markers
13 A Lindblom 2000 bmj i 242 1064. No hyperlink available; page 680
Hyperlipidaemia
14 Lancet 1994 344 1383 [@7968073] 682
15 nejm 1995 333 1301; page 682
16 nejm 1996 335 1001; page 682
17 Lancet 2002;360:7-22; page 682
18 Brit. Hyperlipid. Soc. 1999 Guidelines 8 46; page 682
19 Brit. Hyperlipid. Soc. 1999 Guidelines 8 46; page 682
The porphyrias
20 S Whatley 1995 Lancet 346 1007; page 684
Chapter 17: Eponymous syndromes
Behcet’s disease
1 Marshall SE. Behcet’s disease. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2004; 18: 291-311. [Link]; page 686
2 J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2004 Jan;15(1):64 Phenotypic characterization of a large European family with Brugada syndrome displaying a sudden unexpected death syndrome mutation in SCN5A: Hong K [Link]; page 687
Brown-Sequard syndrome
9 Successful liver transplantation of two brothers with crigler-najjar syndrome type 1 using a single cadaveric organ.Schauer R Transplantation 2002 Jan 15;73(1):67-9 [Link]; page 689
Budd-Chiari syndrome
3 Menon KV, Shah V, Kamath PS. The Budd-Chiari syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2004; 350: 578-85.[Link]; page 688
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)
4 Prion diseases: current understanding of epidemiology and pathogenesis, and therapeutic advances. Author: Caramelli M, Ru G, Acutis P, Forloni G. Journal: CNS Drugs; 2006; 20(1):15-28. PubMed ID: 16396521. [Link]; page 688
5 Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and vision. Author: Armstrong RA. Journal: Clin Exp Optom; 2006 Jan; 89(1):3-9. PubMed ID: 16430434. [Link]; page 688
6 Detection of Pathologic Prion Protein in the Olfactory Epithelium in Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Gianluigi Zanusso NEJM Volume 348:711-719 February 20, 2003 [Link]; page 688
7 Reference not available 688 Crigler – Najjar syndrome
8 Reference not available 688 10 Raised CSF phospho-tau concentrations in variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: diagnostic and pathological implications. Author: Goodall CA, Head MW, Everington D, Ironside JW, Knight RS, Green AJ. Journal: J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry; 2006 Jan; 77(1):89-91. PubMed ID: 16361602. [Link]; page 689
Devic’s syndrome
15 Neuromyelitis optica: what it is and what it might be. Weinshenker BG. Lancet; 2003 Mar 15; 361(9361):889-90. PubMed ID: 12648964 [Link]; page 691
Dubin-Johnson syndrome
11 For a review of the molecular mechanisms behind cholestasis, see Molecular Pathogenesis of Cholestasis Michael Trauner, M.D NEJM 1998 Volume 339:1217-1227 [Link]; page 690
Ekbom’s syndrome
12 No reference available Fabry’s disease
13 WA Gahl NEJM Volume 345:55-57 July 5, 2001 [Link]; page 690
Fanconi anaemia
14 No reference available Gardner’s syndrome
16 [Gardner syndrome: clinical and epidemiologic up to date] Author: Losacco T, Punzo C, Santacroce L. Journal: Clin Ter; 2005 Nov-Dec; 156(6):267-71. PubMed ID: 16463563 [Link]; page 692
17 case report: Complete regression of colonic adenomas after treatment with sulindac in Gardner’s syndrome: a 4-year follow-up Takashi Okai Journal of Gastroenterology Volume 36 Issue 11 (2001) pp 778-782 [Link]; page 692
Gelineau’s syndrome (narcolepsy)18 Narcolepsy and the HLA System NEJM 2001 Volume 344:692 March 1, 2001 Emmanuel Mignot, M.D., Ph.D [Link]; page 692
21 Atonic Seizures by Roberto Michelucci, Carlo Alberto Tassinari, and Masakazu Seino. June 28, 2004[Link]; page 693
22 Reevaluating spells initially identified as cataplexy.Author: Krahn LE. Journal: Sleep Med; 2005 Nov; 6(6):537-42. PubMed ID: 15994123. [Link]; page 693
24 Presentation and frequency of catatonia in new admissions to two acute psychiatric admission units in India and Wales. Author: Chalasani P, Healy D, Morriss R. Journal: Psychol Med; 2005 Nov; 35(11):1667-75. PubMed ID: 16219124. [Link]; page 693
25 Catatonia causing permanent cognitive impairment: a case study. Author: Baker IW, Jackson M, Bass C. Journal: Cogn Behav Neurol; 2005 Sep; 18(3):141-3. PubMed ID: 16175016. [Link]; page 693
25 Reevaluating spells initially identified as cataplexy. Author: Krahn LE. Journal: Sleep Med; 2005 Nov; 6(6):537-42. PubMed ID: 15994123. [Link]; page 695
Gilles de la Tourette syndrome
19 Abnormal thalamic volume in treatment-na?ve boys with Tourette syndrome. Author: Lee JS, Yoo SS, Cho SY, Ock SM, Lim MK, Panych LP. Journal: Acta Psychiatr Scand; 2006 Jan; 113(1):64-7. PubMed ID: 16390372. [Link]; page 693
26 Post-streptococcal autoimmune disorders of the central nervous system. Author: Dale RC. Journal: Dev Med Child Neurol; 2005 Nov; 47(11):785-91. PubMed ID: 16225745. [Link]; page 693Goodpasture’s syndrome
27 Update in the diagnosis and management of pulmonary vasculitis. Author: Frankel SK, Cosgrove GP, Fischer A, Meehan RT, Brown KK. Journal: Chest; 2006 Feb; 129(2):452-65. PubMed ID: 16478866. [Link]; page 693
Huntington’s chorea
28 Huntington’s disease: neurological assessment of potential gene carriers presenting for predictive DNA testing.McCusker E J Clin Neurosci 2000 Jan;7(1):38-41 [Link]; page 694
Jervell-Lange-Nielsen syndrome
29 P Duggal 1998 Circulation 97:142 694 Kaposi’s sarcoma
30 Image of kaposi’s sarcoma (foot) courtesy of the Crookston collection [Link]; page 695
31 Professor Thomas Habif www.dermnet.com; page 695 Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome
32 See JH Lisko, emedicine article at: [Link]; page 696
Korsakoff’s syndrome
33 Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for the treatment of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome--three further cases show response to donepezil. Author: Cochrane M, Cochrane A, Jauhar P, Ashton E. Journal: Alcohol Alcohol; 2005 Mar-Apr; 40(2):151-4. PubMed ID: 15596427 [Link]; page 696
Langerhans’-cell histiocytosis ( Histiocytosis X)
34 Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis R Vassalo NEJM 2000 342:1969 696 Leriche’s syndrome
35 [One-stage coronary artery bypass and extra-anatomical bypass operation in a patient with ischemic heart disease and Leriche syndrome; report of a case] Author: Yamaguchi T, Sakagoshi N, Kobayashi Y. Journal: Kyobu Geka; 2006 Feb; 59(2):153-6. PubMed ID: 16482912. [Link]; page 699
Loffler’s eosinophilic carditis
36 Loffler’s endomyocarditis in the idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome. Corssmit EP Cardiology 1999;91(4):272-6 [Link]; page 696
Loffler’s syndrome (pulmonary eosinophilia)37 Loffler’s syndrome associated with Clonorchis sinensis infestation. Author: Lee HK, Jin SL, Lee HP, Choi SJ, Yum HK. Journal: Korean J Intern Med; 2003 Dec; 18(4):255-9. PubMed ID: 14717238 [Link]; page 696
Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome
38 See Daniel M Beyerbach, MD, PhD, emedicine online, at: [Link]; page 696
McArdle’s glycogen storage disease (Type V)
39 Quinlivan R, Beynon RJ. Pharmacological and nutritional treatment for McArdle’s disease (Glycogen Storage Disease type V). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;(3):CD003458. [Link]; page 696
Marchiafava-Bignami syndrome
40 [Callosal dementia: behavioral disorders related to central and extrapontine myelinolysis] Author: Ghika-Schmid F, Ghika J, Assal G, Bogousslavsky J. Journal: Rev Neurol (Paris); 1999 May; 155(5):367-73. PubMed ID: 10427600. [Link]; page 696
41 Heinrich A, Runge U, Khaw AV. Clinicoradiologic subtypes of Marchiafava-Bignami disease. J Neurol. 2004; 251: 1050-9. [Link]; page 696
Marchiafava-Micheli syndrome (paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria, PNH)
42 [Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria--consequences of a missing anchor] Author: Korte W, Heijnen IA. Journal: Ther Umsch; 2006 Jan; 63(1):71-7. PubMed ID: 16450736. [Link]; page 696
43 What’s new in PNH? [Link]; page 697
44 [Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria--consequences of a missing anchor][Link]; page 697
Marfan’s syndrome
45 Judge DP, Dietz HC. Marfan’s syndrome. Lancet. 2005; 366: 1965-76. [Link]; page 698
46 Professor Jonathan Trobe [Link]; page 699
Ogilvie’s syndrome
47 Neostigmine for the Treatment of Acute Colonic Pseudo-Obstruction Ponec R. J N Engl J Med 1999; 341:137-141, Jul 15, 1999 [Link]; page 700
Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome (Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia)
48 Liver Disease in Patients with Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia Guadalupe Garcia-Tsao NEJM 2000 Volume 343:931-936 [Link]; page 700
Peyronie’s disease
49 Ralph DJ, Minhas S. The management of Peyronie’s disease. BJU Int. 2004; 93: 208-15. [Link]; page 700
Prinzmetal (variant) angina
50 Prinzmetal’s angina. Author: Keller KB, Lemberg L. Journal: Am J Crit Care; 2004 Jul; 13(4):350-4. PubMed ID: 15293589. [Link]; page 700
51 Endothelial function and coronary spastic angina. Author: Kawano H, Ogawa H. Journal: Intern Med; 2005 Feb; 44(2):91-9. PubMed ID: 15750267 [Link]; page 701
52 Brachytherapy: potential therapy for refractory coronary spasm. Author: Erne P, Jamshidi P, Juelke P, Hafner HP, Thum P, Resink T. Journal: J Am Coll Cardiol; 2004 Oct 6; 44(7):1415-9. PubMed ID: 15464321 [Link]; page 701
53 Changing characteristics of patients with vasospastic angina in the era of new calcium channel blockers. Author: Ito A, Fukumoto Y, Shimokawa H. Journal: J Cardiovasc Pharmacol; 2004 Oct; 44(4):480-5. PubMed ID: 15454857 [Link]; page 701
(footnote) Prinzmetal’s angina. Author: Keller KB, Lemberg L. Journal: Am J Crit Care; 2004 Jul; 13(4):350-4. PubMed ID: 15293589. [Link]; page 704
Raynaud’s syndrome
54 Image of raynaud’s phenomonon in SLE [Link]; page 702
Romano-Ward syndrome
58 No reference available 59 Mechanisms of arsenic-induced prolongation of cardiac repolarization. Author: Ficker E, Kuryshev YA, Dennis AT, Obejero-Paz C, Wang L, Hawryluk P, Wible BA, Brown AM. Journal: Mol Pharmacol; 2004 Jul; 66(1):33-44. PubMed ID: 15213294. [Link]; page 703
60 MMWR Weekly June 22, 1984 33(24);347-9 Nonfatal Arsenic Poisoning in Three Hmong Patients -- Minnesota [Link]; page 703
Sjogren’s syndrome
55 Fox RI. Sjogren’s syndrome. Lancet. 2005; 366: 321-31. [Link]; page 702
Stevens-Johnson sydrome
56 Intravenous immunoglobulin treatment for Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: a prospective noncomparative study showing no benefit on mortality or progression. Bachot N Arch Dermatol 2003 Jan;139(1):33-6 [Link]; page 702
57 Treatment of severe drug reactions: Stevens-Johnson Syndrome, Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis and Hypersensitivity syndrome Pierre-Dominique Ghislain M.D., Jean-Claude Roujeau, M.D. Dermatology Online Journal 8(1): 5 [Link]; page 703
61 Prof. Thomas Habif www.dermnet.com; page 703 Wegener’s granulomatosis
62 S Uppal 2001 BMJ 322:89 706
Chapter 18: Radiology
Radiology
1 The booklet is downloadable from: [Link]” 711
The art of the request No links
Chest x-ray (CXR) No links
Plain abdominal x-ray (AXR)
2 Pneumatosis intestinalis--a pitfall for surgeons? Author: Braumann C, Menenakos C, Jacobi CA. Journal: Scand J Surg; 2005; 94(1):47-50. PubMed ID: 15865117. [Link] cystic diseases. 717
3 Porcelain gallbladder: [Link] 717
Computed tomography (CT)
4 Historical experiments predating commercially available computed tomography. Author: Webb S. Journal: Br J Radiol; 1992 Sep; 65(777):835-7. PubMed ID: 1393429. [Link] 718
5 Information on the role of CT head perfusion scanning: [Link] 719
6 Is computed tomography of the body overused? An audit of 2068 attendances in a large acute hospital.Author: Naik KS, Ness LM, Bowker AM, Robinson PJ Journal: Br J Radiol; 1996 Feb; 69(818):126-31. PubMed ID: 8785639. [Link] 719
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) No links
Ultrasound (US)7 Preoperative assessment of the depth of early gastric cancer invasion by transabdominal ultrasound sonography (TUS): a comparison with endoscopic ultrasound sonography (EUS). Author: Ishigami S, Yoshinaka H, Sakamoto F, Natsugoe S, Tokuda K, Nakajo A, Matsumoto M, Okumura H, Hokita S, Aikou T. Journal: Hepatogastroenterology; 2004 Jul-Aug; 51(58):1202-5. PubMed ID: 15239279. [Link]723
Nuclear medicine
8 [Link]” \o “PIOPED II: Is Spiral CT the Best and Only Test for Suspected Pulmonary Embolism?Chuong Bui A review from Medscape [Link] 725
9 Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism with various imaging modalities. Author: Srivastava SD, Eagleton MJ, Greenfield LJ. Journal: Semin Vasc Surg; 2004 Jun; 17(2):173-80. PubMed ID: 15185184. [Link]725
Radionuclide imaging in cardiology No links
Cardiac CT and MRI No links
Radiological GI procedures and imaging
10 Computer-aided detection for virtual colonoscopy. Author: Perumpillichira JJ, Yoshida H, Sahani DV. Journal: Cancer Imaging; 2005 Aug 23; 5(1):11-6. PubMed ID: 16154812. [Link] 729
11 Meta-analysis: computed tomographic colonography. Author: Mulhall BP, Veerappan GR, Jackson JL. Journal: Ann Intern Med; 2005 Apr 19; 142(8):635-50. PubMed ID: 15838071. [Link] 729
12 Radio-anatomic study of the pancreatic duct by MR cholangiopancreatography. Author: AubŽ C, Hentati N, Tanguy JY, Fournier HD, Papon X, Lebigot J, Mercier P. Journal: Surg Radiol Anat; 2003 Apr; 25(1):64-9. PubMed ID: 12647024. [Link] 729
13 Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreaticography as a diagnostic tool for common bile duct stones: a comparison with ERCP and clinical follow-up. Author: Kats J, Kraai M, Dijkstra AJ, Koster K, Ter Borg F, Hazenberg HJ, Eeftinck Schattenkerk M, des Plantes BG, Eddes EH. Journal: Dig Surg; 2003; 20(1):32-7. PubMed ID: 12637802. [Link] 729
Urinary tract imaging
14 Pseudotumoral adenopathies, an unusual means of detecting systemic amyloidosis] Author: Ben Ghorbel I, Houman MH, Lamloum M, Romdhane NB, Daniel L, M’Timet B, Miled M. Journal: Rev Med Interne; 1999 Nov; 20(11):1037-40. PubMed ID: 10586443. [Link] 731 (footnote) The conception of this chapter owes much to the teaching of Dr. Basil Shepstone 710 Renal cystic diseases. Author: Thomsen HS, Levine E, Meilstrup JW, Van Slyke MA, Edgar KA, Barth JC, Hartman DS. Journal: Eur Radiol; 1997; 7(8):1267-75. PubMed ID: 9377514. [Link] 730
Neuroimaging No links
Contrast in imaging
15 Reference not available 735
16 Gastro-duodenal perforations: conventional plain film, US and CT findings in 166 consecutive patients. Author: Grassi R, Romano S, Pinto A, Romano L. Journal: Eur J Radiol; 2004 Apr; 50(1):30-6. PubMed ID: 15093233. [Link] 735
17 New method for the detection of intraperitoneal free air by sonography: scissors maneuver. Author: Karahan OI, Kurt A, Yikilmaz A, Kahriman G. Journal: J Clin Ultrasound; 2004 Oct; 32(8):381-5. PubMed ID: 15372444. [Link] 735
Chapter 19: Reference intervals
Reference intervals
1 Gauss, Karl Friedrich (1777-1855) [Link]; page 737
2 Medical Statistics [Link]; page 737
3 Significance Tests and Standard Error of the Mean [Link]; page 737
GentamicinNo links
Some important drug interactions No links
Haematology-reference intervalsNo links
Reference intervals (RI) - biochemistryNo links
Useful addresses (for those in the UK)No links
Chapter 20: Practical Procedures
Emergencies
1 Advanced Trauma Life Support 1993 Am. Col. Surg. page 767
2 CPR Guidelines 1997 Resus Council (UK); page 767
Headache: differential diagnosisNo links
Breathlessness: emergency presentations No links
Chest pain: differential diagnosis No links
ComaNo links
The Glasgow coma scale (GCS)
3 G Teasdale 1974 Lancetii 81 page 776
Shock
4 RL Paterson J.R.Coll.Surg.Edinb., 45, June 2000, 178-182; page 779
5 bnf 2000 ii 154 & P Ewan 1997 Prescribes’ J 37(3) 125 779
Anaphylactic shock
6 and 7 No link available Acute myocardial infarction (footnote) Circulation 1998 Nov 24;98(21):2227-34 Diaz R, Paolasso EA, Piegas LS, Tajer CD, Moreno MG, Corvalan R, Isea JE, Romero G. Metabolic modulation of acute myocardial infarction. The ECLA (Estudios Cardiologicos Latinoamerica) Collaborative Group. English [Link]; page 783
(footnote) Am J Cardiol; 2005 Oct 15; 96(8):1053-8. pubmed ID@16214437, page 783
Acute coronary syndrome-without ST elevation
8 1 British Thoracic Society 1997 Guidelines Thorax 52(Suppl.) ps1-s21; page 784
9 1 British Thoracic Society 1997 Guidelines Thorax 52(Suppl.) ps1-s21; page 785
(footnote) N Engl J Med. 2004 Apr 8;350(15):1495-504. Epub 2004 Mar 8. Cannon CP, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, Rader DJ, Rouleau JL, Belder R, Joyal SV, Hill KA, Pfeffer MA, Skene AM; Pravastatin or Atorvastatin Evaluation and Infection Therapy-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 22 Investigators Intensive versus moderate lipid lowering with statins after acute coronary syndromes. English [Link] 785
Severe pulmonary oedema
10 N Engl J Med; 2004 Nov 11; 351(20):2049-57 [Link]; page 786
11 N Engl J Med; 2000 Jul 27; 343(4):246-53 pubmed @10911006; page 786
12 Lancet; 1998 Feb 7; 351(9100):389-93 PubMed ID: 9482291; page 787
Cardiogenic shock No links
Broad complex tachycardia No links
Narrow complex tachycardiaNo links
Acute severe asthma
13 British Thoracic Scoiety Guidelines Thorax 2003;58:Suppl II; page 794
14 The BTS/SIGN British Guideline on the Management of Asthma 2005 [Link]; page 795
Acute exacerbations of COPD No links
Pneumothorax No links
Tension pneumothorax No links
Pneumonia
15 BTS Update on the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults 2004 [Link]; page 800
Massive pulmonary embolism (PE)No links
Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding
16 BSG Non-variceal upper GI haemorrhage: guidenlines Gut 2002 51 suppl IV 1-6; page 804
17 NEJM 2002;347:1594; page 804
18 1 N White Lancet 1999 353 1965 [Link] viewpoint 1965.html; page 804
19 TA Rockall Gut 1996;38:316-21; page 805
Meningitis/ Emergency management of encephalitis
20 Image of glass test for purpura courtesy of the Meningitis Research Foundation [Link] 806
21 N Engl J Med; 2001 Dec 13; 345(24):1727-33 PubMed ID: 11742046; page 806
21 The Lancet 2006; 367:397-403 DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)67932-4 Clinical recognition of meningococcal disease in children and adolescents [Link]; page 806
22 British Infection Society 2005 consensus statement [Link] 807
23 Fluid therapy for acute bacterial meningitis. Author: Oates-Whitehead R, Maconochie I, Baumer H, Stewart M. Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2005; (3):CD004786. PubMed ID: 16034949. [Link]; page 807
24 P Cowling 2000 BMJ i 247 (a critique of A Pollard 1999 bmj i 1147) [Link]; page 807
25 eMedicine; Encephalitis [Link] 807
(footnote) British Infection Society 2004 [Link]; page 807
(footnote) Activated protein C [Link] 807
Status epilepticusNo links
Head injuryNo links
Raised intracranial pressure No links
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) No links
Other diabetic emergencies
26 S Afr Med J. 1995 Mar;85(3):173-6. Hyperosmolar non-ketotic diabetic coma as a cause of emergency hyperglycaemic admission to Baragwanath Hospital. Rolfe M [Link]; page 816
Thyroid emergenciesNo links
Addisonian crisis
No links
Hypopituitary crisis No links
Phaeochromocytoma emergencies No links
Acute renal failure (ARF)-management
27 Oxford Textbook of Medicine, 3e 3280 820
Acute poisoning – general measures No links
Acute poisoning – specific points No links
Some specific poisons and their antidotes
28 2 In the uk: 01865 221332/220968/220279; page 827
29 Help on the web uk gps and other nhs workers and departments may register withtoxbase at for free up-to-date toxicological advice. [Link]; page 827
Salicylate poisoning No links
Paracetemol poisoning No links
Burns
30 Application of cerium nitrate-silver sulphadiazine allows for postponement of excision and grafting. Author: Vehmeyer-Heeman M, Tondu T, Van den Kerckhove E, Boeckx W. Journal: Burns; 2006 Feb; 32(1):60-3. PubMed ID: 16380214. [Link]; page 830
(footnote) an adult patient with burns,is the Lund and Browder chart better than the Rule of Nines at accurately assessing the area of the wound. July 2005. [Link]; page 831Hypothermia No links
Major disasters No links
Chapter 21: Emergencies
1 Advanced Trauma Life Support 1993 Am. Col. Surg. page 767
2 CPR Guidelines 1997 Resus Council (UK); page 767
3 G Teasdale 1974 Lancetii 81 page 776
4 RL Paterson J.R.Coll.Surg.Edinb., 45, June 2000, 178-182; page 779
5 bnf 2000 ii 154 & P Ewan 1997 Prescribes’ J 37(3) 125 779
8 1 British Thoracic Society 1997 Guidelines Thorax 52(Suppl.) ps1-s21; page 784
9 1 British Thoracic Society 1997 Guidelines Thorax 52(Suppl.) ps1-s21; page 785
10 N Engl J Med; 2004 Nov 11; 351(20):2049-57 [Link]; page 786
11 N Engl J Med; 2000 Jul 27; 343(4):246-53 pubmed @10911006; page 786
12 Lancet; 1998 Feb 7; 351(9100):389-93 PubMed ID: 9482291; page 787
13 British Thoracic Scoiety Guidelines Thorax 2003;58:Suppl II; page 794
14 The BTS/SIGN British Guideline on the Management of Asthma 2005 [Link]; page 795
15 BTS Update on the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults 2004 [Link]; page 800
16 BSG Non-variceal upper GI haemorrhage: guidenlines Gut 2002 51 suppl IV 1-6; page 804
17 NEJM 2002;347:1594; page 804
18 1 N White Lancet 1999 353 1965 [Link] viewpoint 1965.html; page 804
19 TA Rockall Gut 1996;38:316-21; page 805
20 Image of glass test for purpura courtesy of the Meningitis Research Foundation [Link] 806
21 N Engl J Med; 2001 Dec 13; 345(24):1727-33 PubMed ID: 11742046; page 806
21 The Lancet 2006; 367:397-403 DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)67932-4 Clinical recognition of meningococcal disease in children and adolescents [Link]; page 806
22 British Infection Society 2005 consensus statement [Link] 807
23 Fluid therapy for acute bacterial meningitis. Author: Oates-Whitehead R, Maconochie I, Baumer H, Stewart M. Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2005; (3):CD004786. PubMed ID: 16034949. [Link]; page 807
24 P Cowling 2000 BMJ i 247 (a critique of A Pollard 1999 bmj i 1147) [Link]; page 807
25 eMedicine; Encephalitis [Link] 807
26 S Afr Med J. 1995 Mar;85(3):173-6. Hyperosmolar non-ketotic diabetic coma as a cause of emergency hyperglycaemic admission to Baragwanath Hospital. Rolfe M [Link]; page 816
27 Oxford Textbook of Medicine, 3e 3280 820
28 2 In the uk: 01865 221332/220968/220279; page 827
29 Help on the web uk gps and other nhs workers and departments may register withtoxbase at for free up-to-date toxicological advice. [Link]; page 827
30 Application of cerium nitrate-silver sulphadiazine allows for postponement of excision and grafting. Author: Vehmeyer-Heeman M, Tondu T, Van den Kerckhove E, Boeckx W. Journal: Burns; 2006 Feb; 32(1):60-3. PubMed ID: 16380214. [Link]; page 830
Web-based references relating to the disc signs in footnotes, organised by page number
Circulation 1998 Nov 24;98(21):2227-34 Diaz R, Paolasso EA, Piegas LS, Tajer CD, Moreno MG, Corvalan R, Isea JE, Romero G. Metabolic modulation of acute myocardial infarction. The ECLA (Estudios Cardiologicos Latinoamerica) Collaborative Group. English [Link]; page 783
Am J Cardiol; 2005 Oct 15; 96(8):1053-8. pubmed ID@16214437, page 783
N Engl J Med. 2004 Apr 8;350(15):1495-504. Epub 2004 Mar 8. Cannon CP, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, Rader DJ, Rouleau JL, Belder R, Joyal SV, Hill KA, Pfeffer MA, Skene AM; Pravastatin or Atorvastatin Evaluation and Infection Therapy-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 22 Investigators Intensive versus moderate lipid lowering with statins after acute coronary syndromes. English [Link] 785
British Infection Society 2004 [Link]; page 807
Activated protein C [Link] 807
an adult patient with burns,is the Lund and Browder chart better than the Rule of Nines at accurately assessing the area of the wound. July 2005. [Link]; page 831