- Foreword
- Preface
- Acknowledgements
- Contributors
- Symbols and abbreviations
- Chapter 1 Research: why and how?
- Chapter 2 Navigating research methods: basic concepts in biostatistics and epidemiology
- Chapter 3 Navigating research methods: quantitative and clinical/epidemiological methods
- Chapter 4 Navigating research methods: qualitative methods
- Chapter 5 Navigating research methods: evidence-based medicine (EBM)
- Chapter 6 Navigating research methods: critical appraisal
- Chapter 7 Navigating research methods: clinical audit
- Chapter 8 Setting the scene and ICH GCP in clinical and healthcare research
- Chapter 9 Informed consent in a research setting
- Chapter 10 Ethics of clinical and healthcare research: general considerations, Mental Capacity Act, Human Tissue Act
- Chapter 11 Role and responsibilities: investigator and research team
- Chapter 12 Role and responsibilities of the sponsor
- Chapter 13 Monitoring
- Chapter 14 Clinical trial design
- Chapter 15 Clinical trial protocols: study protocol
- Chapter 16 Data capture tools: case report form (CRF)
- Chapter 17 Clinical trial supplies: investigational medicinal products (IMPs)
- Chapter 18 IMP accountability
- Chapter 19 Safety reporting
- Chapter 20 Data management
- Chapter 21 Research project management
- Chapter 22 Essential documents
- Chapter 23 Archiving
- Chapter 24 Audits and inspections
- Chapter 25 Fraud and misconduct
- Chapter 26 Authorship
- Chapter 27 Publication process
- Chapter 28 Start-up toolkit: from funding an idea, through implementation, to achieving an impact
- Index
(p. 39) Navigating research methods: quantitative and clinical/epidemiological methods
- Chapter:
- (p. 39) Navigating research methods: quantitative and clinical/epidemiological methods
- DOI:
- 10.1093/med/9780199608478.003.0003
This chapter focuses on various types of study design used in clinical and healthcare research with an emphasis on observational studies whilst randomised controlled trials are explained in Chapter 15. Within observational studies, the distinction between descriptive and analytical studies is made and different sources of error in epidemiological studies are reviewed. Main features, advantages and disadvantages of analytical observational studies are described for the following designs: ecological studies, cohort studies, case-control studies and cross-sectional studies. A brief overview of experimental studies is also given. Measures of disease occurrence (prevalence, cumulative incidence, incidence rate) as well as effect measures (1.difference measures, ie. attributable risk, and 2. ratio measures, i.e. relative risk, odds ratio, relative risk reduction, attributable fraction) are reviewed. The chapter also presents major characteristics of meta-analysis.
Access to the complete content on Oxford Medicine Online requires a subscription or purchase. Public users are able to search the site and view the abstracts for each book and chapter without a subscription.
Please subscribe or login to access full text content.
If you have purchased a print title that contains an access token, please see the token for information about how to register your code.
For questions on access or troubleshooting, please check our FAQs, and if you can't find the answer there, please contact us.
- Foreword
- Preface
- Acknowledgements
- Contributors
- Symbols and abbreviations
- Chapter 1 Research: why and how?
- Chapter 2 Navigating research methods: basic concepts in biostatistics and epidemiology
- Chapter 3 Navigating research methods: quantitative and clinical/epidemiological methods
- Chapter 4 Navigating research methods: qualitative methods
- Chapter 5 Navigating research methods: evidence-based medicine (EBM)
- Chapter 6 Navigating research methods: critical appraisal
- Chapter 7 Navigating research methods: clinical audit
- Chapter 8 Setting the scene and ICH GCP in clinical and healthcare research
- Chapter 9 Informed consent in a research setting
- Chapter 10 Ethics of clinical and healthcare research: general considerations, Mental Capacity Act, Human Tissue Act
- Chapter 11 Role and responsibilities: investigator and research team
- Chapter 12 Role and responsibilities of the sponsor
- Chapter 13 Monitoring
- Chapter 14 Clinical trial design
- Chapter 15 Clinical trial protocols: study protocol
- Chapter 16 Data capture tools: case report form (CRF)
- Chapter 17 Clinical trial supplies: investigational medicinal products (IMPs)
- Chapter 18 IMP accountability
- Chapter 19 Safety reporting
- Chapter 20 Data management
- Chapter 21 Research project management
- Chapter 22 Essential documents
- Chapter 23 Archiving
- Chapter 24 Audits and inspections
- Chapter 25 Fraud and misconduct
- Chapter 26 Authorship
- Chapter 27 Publication process
- Chapter 28 Start-up toolkit: from funding an idea, through implementation, to achieving an impact
- Index