Oxford Textbook of Critical Care

Oxford Textbook of Critical Care (2 ed.)

Edited by Andrew Webb, Derek Angus, Simon Finfer, Luciano Gattinoni, and Mervyn Singer

Abstract

Since the first edition of the Oxford Textbook of Critical Care was published there have been many advances in in our understanding and management of critical illness. The first edition was prefaced with a note on the exacting nature of critical care—the holistic complexity of the patient with multisystem dysfunction, the out-of-hours commitment, the often stressful and highly charged situations requiring considerable agility of brain and hand, and the continuing evolution (and occasional revolution) in perceived ‘best practice’. These challenging demands are precisely what attract the critical care practitioner to the specialty. The importance of strong support mechanisms—from colleagues, national and international societies, and robust educational and research outputs—is paramount to sustain and enhance the quality of care patients receive. The format used in the first edition with system-orientated sections continues. Each section has been subdivided into short topics grouped according to clinical problems, facilitating manageable and relevant searches in electronic media. It is a single-volume major reference book aiming to cover the breadth of clinical and organizational aspects of adult critical care medicine in readable chunks. The editors acknowledge that every single topic cannot possibly be covered in detail, but hope the book’s comprehensive nature will be found useful by all health care providers who look after critically-ill patients. There are often local, national, and international differences in philosophy and management strategy. Some of these differences are seemingly contradictory and it is often difficult for physicians in one country to assimilate information produced for another. This is an international text attempting to give a balanced view where international differences exist. The book informs, rather than dictates.

Bibliographic Information

Publisher:: Oxford University Press

Print Publication Date:: Apr 2016

Print ISBN-13:: 9780199600830

Published online:: Apr 2016

DOI:: 10.1093/med/9780199600830.001.0001

Authors

Andrew Webb, editor Clinical Professor, Division of Critical Care, The University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine

Derek Angus, editor Professor of Critical Care Medicine, Medicine, Health Policy & Management and Clinical & Translational Science,, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Graduate School of Public Health

Simon Finfer, editor Professor of Critical Care, University of Sydney

Luciano Gattinoni, editor Professor in Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Milan

Mervyn Singer, editor Professor of Intensive Care Medicine, University College London

Disclaimer

Oxford University Press makes no representation, express or implied, that the drug dosages in this book are correct. Readers must therefore always check the product information and clinical procedures with the most up to date published product information and data sheets provided by the manufacturers and the most recent codes of conduct and safety regulations. The authors and the publishers do not accept responsibility or legal liability for any errors in the text or for the misuse or misapplication of material in this work. Except where otherwise stated, drug dosages and recommendations are for the non-pregnant adult who is not breastfeeding.

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Front Matter
- Foreword
- Preface
- Abbreviations
- Contributors
Section 1 ICU organization and management
- Part 1.1 The intensive care unit
  - Chapter 1 Design of the ICU Neil A. Halpern
  - Chapter 2 Staffing models in the ICUTim Buchman and Michael Sterling
  - Chapter 3 Rapid response teams for the critically illKen Hillman and Jack Chen
  - Chapter 4 In-hospital transfer of the critically illLorna Eyre and Simon Whiteley
  - Chapter 5 Pre- and inter-hospital transport of the critically ill and injuredKelly R. Klein and Paul E. Pepe
  - Chapter 6 Regional critical care delivery systemsTheodore J. Iwashyna and Colin R. Cooke
  - Chapter 7 Integration of information technology in the ICUDaniel Martich and Jody Cervenak
  - Chapter 8 Multiple casualties and disaster response in critical careYoram Weiss and Micha Shamir
  - Chapter 9 Management of pandemic critical illness Robert Fowler and Abhijit Duggal
- Part 1.2 Communication
  - Chapter 10 Effective teamwork in the ICUPeter G. Brindley
  - Chapter 11 Communication with patients and families in the ICULeslie P. Scheunemann and Robert M. Arnold
  - Chapter 12 Telemedicine in critical careBela Patel and Eric J. Thomas
- Part 1.3 Training
  - Chapter 13 Clinical skills in critical careGraham Nimmo and Ben Shippey
  - Chapter 14 Simulation training for critical careBen Shippey and Graham Nimmo
  - Chapter 15 Leadership skills in the ICUCarole Foot and Liz Hickson
- Part 1.4 Safety and quality
  - Chapter 16 Patient safety in the ICUBradford D. Winters and Peter J. Pronovost
  - Chapter 17 Policies, bundles, and protocols in critical careJeffrey Mazer and Mitchell M. Levy
  - Chapter 18 Managing biohazards and environmental safetyFerenc Kovari and Gilbert Park
  - Chapter 19 Managing ICU staff welfare, morale, and burnoutGavin G. Lavery and Linda-Jayne Mottram
- Part 1.5 Governance
  - Chapter 20 ICU admission and discharge criteria Julian Bion and Anna Dennis
  - Chapter 21 Resource management and budgeting in critical careJukka Takala
  - Chapter 22 Costs and cost-effectiveness in critical careDavid J. Wallace and Derek C. Angus
- Part 1.6 Research
  - Chapter 23 Evidence-based practice in critical careMarius Terblanche and Damon C. Scales
  - Chapter 24 Research ethics in the ICUNeal W. Dickert and Scott D. Halpern
- Part 1.7 Medico-legal and ethical issues
  - Chapter 25 Informed consent in the ICUHenry J. Silverman
  - Chapter 26 Patient rights in the ICUThaddeus M. Pope and Douglas B. White
  - Chapter 27 Medico-legal liability in critical careMichael A. Rie
- Part 1.8 Critical illness risk prediction
  - Chapter 28 The role and limitations of scoring systemsHannah Wunsch and Andrew A. Kramer
  - Chapter 29 Severity of illness scoring systemsGraeme K. Hart and David Pilcher
  - Chapter 30 Organ failure scoringRui Moreno
  - Chapter 31 Genetic and molecular expression patterns in critical illnessAnthony F. Suffredini and J. Perren Cobb
Section 2 Pharmacotherapeutics
- Part 2.1 Respiratory drugs
  - Chapter 32 Oxygen in critical illnessJames N. Fullerton and Mervyn Singer
  - Chapter 33 Bronchodilators in critical illnessRajiv Dhand and Michael McCormack
- Part 2.2 Cardiovascular drugs
  - Chapter 34 Vasopressors in critical illnessDaniel De Backer and Patrick Biston
  - Chapter 35 Vasodilators in critical illnessA. B. J. Groeneveld and Alexandre Lima
  - Chapter 36 Inotropic agents in critical illnessAbdallah Fayssoil and Djillali Annane
  - Chapter 37 Anti-anginal agents in critical illnessAjay Suri and Jean R. McEwan
  - Chapter 38 Anti-arrhythmics in critical illnessJohn LeMaitre and Jan Kornder
  - Chapter 39 Pulmonary vasodilators in critical illnessBenjamin Chousterman and Didier Payen
- Part 2.3 Gastrointestinal drugs
  - Chapter 40 Gastrointestinal motility drugs in critical illnessSonja Fruhwald and Peter Holzer
  - Chapter 41 Stress ulcer prophylaxis and treatment drugs in critical illnessWaleed Alhazzani and Deborah J. Cook
- Part 2.4 Nervous system drugs
  - Chapter 42 Sedatives and anti-anxiety agents in critical illnessCurtis N. Sessler and Katie M. Muzevich
  - Chapter 43 Analgesics in critical illnessMayur B. Patel and Pratik P. Pandharipande
  - Chapter 44 Antidepressants in critical illnessScott R. Beach and Theodore A. Stern
  - Chapter 45 Antiseizure agents in critical illnessSebastian Pollandt and Lori Shutter
  - Chapter 46 Inhalational anaesthetic agents in critical illnessLaurent Beydon and Flavie Duc
  - Chapter 47 Muscle relaxants in critical illnessBrian J. Pollard
  - Chapter 48 Neuroprotective agents in critical illnessJerrold L. Perrott and Steven C. Reynolds
- Part 2.5 Hormonal drugs
  - Chapter 49 Hormone therapies in critical illnessMark S. Cooper
  - Chapter 50 Insulin and oral anti-hyperglycaemic agents in critical illnessRoosmarijn T. M. van Hooijdonk and Marcus J. Schultz
- Part 2.6 Haematological drugs
  - Chapter 51 Anticoagulants and antithrombotics in critical illnessVickie McDonald and Marie Scully
  - Chapter 52 Haemostatic agents in critical illnessBeverley J. Hunt
- Part 2.7 Antimicrobial and immunological drugs
  - Chapter 53 Antimicrobial drugs in critical illnessA. P. R. Wilson and Preet Panesar
  - Chapter 54 Steroids in critical illnessDidier Keh
  - Chapter 55 Immunotherapy in critical illnessHans-Dieter Volk and Levent Akyüz
- Part 2.8 Fluids and diuretics
  - Chapter 56 Colloids in critical illnessAndrew Webb
  - Chapter 57 Crystalloids in critical illnessKarthik Raghunathan and Andrew Shaw
  - Chapter 58 Diuretics in critical illnessMarlies Ostermann and Ruth Y. Y. Wan
Section 3 Resuscitation
- Part 3.1 Respiratory management
  - Chapter 59 Airway management in cardiopulmonary resuscitationJerry P. Nolan and Jasmeet Soar
  - Chapter 60 Artificial ventilation in cardiopulmonary resuscitationJasmeet Soar and Jerry P. Nolan
- Part 3.2 Circulatory management
  - Chapter 61 Pathophysiology and causes of cardiac arrestPeter Thomas Morley
  - Chapter 62 Cardiac massage and blood flow management during cardiac arrestGavin D. Perkins
  - Chapter 63 Defibrillation and pacing during cardiac arrestCharles D. Deakin
  - Chapter 64 Therapeutic strategies in managing cardiac arrestJohn Field
  - Chapter 65 Post-cardiac arrest arrhythmiasMarwan F. Jumean and Mark S. Link
  - Chapter 66 Management after resuscitation from cardiac arrestJerry P. Nolan and Michael J. A. Parr
  - Chapter 67 Ethical and end-of-life issues after cardiac arrestCarolyn Benson and G. Bryan Young
- Part 3.3 Fluid management
  - Chapter 68 Physiology of body fluidsAnthony Delaney
  - Chapter 69 Choice of resuscitation fluidJohn Myburgh and Naomi E. Hammond
  - Chapter 70 Therapeutic goals of fluid resuscitationBashar S. Staitieh and Greg S. Martin
Section 4 The respiratory system
- Part 4.1 Physiology
  - Chapter 71 Normal physiology of the respiratory system Göran Hedenstierna and João Batista Borges
- Part 4.2 Respiratory monitoring
  - Chapter 72 Blood gas analysis in the critically ill Gavin M. Joynt and Gordon Y. S. Choi
  - Chapter 73 Pulse oximetry and capnography in the ICU Richard Lee
  - Chapter 74 Respiratory system compliance and resistance in the critically ill Ricardo Luiz Cordioli and Laurent Brochard
  - Chapter 75 Gas exchange principles in the critically ill Peter D. Wagner
  - Chapter 76 Gas exchange assessment in the critically ill Peter D. Wagner
  - Chapter 77 Respiratory muscle function in the critically ill Theodoros Vassilakopoulos and Charis Roussos
  - Chapter 78 Imaging the respiratory system in the critically ill Lawrence R. Goodman
- Part 4.3 Upper airway obstruction
  - Chapter 79 Upper airway obstruction in the critically ill Edmond Cohen
- Part 4.4 Airway access
  - Chapter 80 Standard intubation in the ICU Sebastian G. Russo and Michael Quintel
  - Chapter 81 The difficult intubation in the ICU Michael Frass
  - Chapter 82 The surgical airway in the ICU Danja S. Groves and Charles G. Durbin Jr
- Part 4.5 Acute respiratory failure
  - Chapter 83 Dyspnoea in the critically ill Paolo Tarsia
  - Chapter 84 Pulmonary mechanical dysfunction in the critically ill Umberto Lucangelo and Massimo Ferluga
  - Chapter 85 Hypoxaemia in the critically ill Susannah Leaver and Timothy Evans
  - Chapter 86 Hypercapnia in the critically ill John G. Laffey and Brian P. Kavanagh
  - Chapter 87 Cardiovascular interactions in respiratory failure Jae Myeong Lee and Michael R. Pinsky
- Part 4.6 Ventilatory support
  - Chapter 88 Physiology of positive-pressure ventilation Göran Hedenstierna and Hans Ulrich Rothen
  - Chapter 89 Respiratory support with continuous positive airways pressure Francesco Mojoli and Antonio Braschi
  - Chapter 90 Non-invasive positive-pressure ventilation Giulia Spoletini and Nicholas S. Hill
  - Chapter 91 Indications for mechanical ventilation Neil R. MacIntyre
  - Chapter 92 Design and function of mechanical ventilators Robert L. Chatburn and Eduardo Mireles-Cabodevila
  - Chapter 93 Setting rate, volume, and time in ventilatory support Charles M. Oliver and S. Ramani Moonesinghe
  - Chapter 94 Respiratory support with positive end-expiratory pressure Ignacio Martin-Loeches and Antonio Artigas
  - Chapter 95 Volume-controlled mechanical ventilation Kristy A. Bauman and Robert C. Hyzy
  - Chapter 96 Pressure-controlled mechanical ventilation Thomas Muders and Christian Putensen
  - Chapter 97 Pressure support ventilation Hérnan Aguirre-Bermeo and Jordi Mancebo
  - Chapter 98 High-frequency ventilation and oscillation Mireia Cuartero and Niall D. Ferguson
  - Chapter 99 Prone positioning in the ICU Paolo Taccone and Davide Chiumello
  - Chapter 100 Failure to ventilate in critical illness Vito Fanelli and V. Marco Ranieri
  - Chapter 101 Ventilator trauma in the critically ill Marcelo Amato and Andreas Wolfgang Reske
- Part 4.7 Weaning ventilatory support
  - Chapter 102 Assessment and technique of weaning Martin J. Tobin
  - Chapter 103 Weaning failure in critical illness Annalisa Carlucci and Paolo Navalesi
- Part 4.8 Extracorporeal support
  - Chapter 104 Extracorporeal respiratory and cardiac support techniques in the ICU Claire Westrope and Giles Peek
  - Chapter 105 Treating respiratory failure with extracorporeal support in the ICU Giacomo Bellani and Antonio Pesenti
- Part 4.9 Aspiration and inhalation
  - Chapter 106 Aspiration of gastric contents in the critically ill Sara Froio and Franco Valenza
  - Chapter 107 Inhalation injury in the ICU Silvia Coppola and Franco Valenza
- Part 4.10 Acute respiratory distress syndrome
  - Chapter 108 Pathophysiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome Lorraine B. Ware
  - Chapter 109 Therapeutic strategy in acute respiratory distress syndrome Charlotte Summers and Geoffrey Bellingan
- Part 4.11 Airflow limitation
  - Chapter 110 Pathophysiology and causes of airflow limitation David V. Tuxen
  - Chapter 111 Therapeutic approach to bronchospasm and asthma Brett G. Sampson and Andrew D. Bersten
  - Chapter 112 Therapeutic strategy in acute or chronic airflow limitation Francesco Macagno and Massimo Antonelli
- Part 4.12 Respiratory acidosis and alkalosis
  - Chapter 113 Pathophysiology and therapeutic strategy of respiratory acidosis Luciano Gattinoni and Alfredo Lissoni
  - Chapter 114 Pathophysiology and therapeutic strategy of respiratory alkalosis Thomas Langer and Pietro Caironi
- Part 4.13 Pneumonia
  - Chapter 115 Pathophysiology of pneumonia Jordi Rello and Bárbara Borgatta
  - Chapter 116 Diagnosis and management of community-acquired pneumonia Antoni Torres and Adamantia Liapikou
  - Chapter 117 Diagnosis and management of nosocomial pneumonia Jean Chastre
  - Chapter 118 Diagnosis and management of atypical pneumonia Martin Langer and Edoardo Carretto
- Part 4.14 Atelectasis and sputum retention
  - Chapter 119 Pathophysiology and prevention of sputum retention John J. Marini and Paolo Formenti
  - Chapter 120 Lung recruitment techniques in the ICU Thomas Kiss and Paolo Pelosi
  - Chapter 121 Chest physiotherapy and tracheobronchial suction in the ICU Gianluigi Li Bassi and J. D. Marti
  - Chapter 122 Toilet bronchoscopy in the ICU Gianluigi Li Bassi and Carles Agusti
- Part 4.15 Pleural cavity problems
  - Chapter 123 Pathophysiology of pleural cavity disorders Davide Chiumello and Cristina Mietto
  - Chapter 124 Management of pneumothorax and bronchial fistulae Wissam Abouzgheib and Raquel Nahra
  - Chapter 125 Management of pleural effusion and haemothorax Davide Chiumello and Silvia Coppola
- Part 4.16 Haemoptysis
  - Chapter 126 Pathophysiology and causes of haemoptysis Francesco Blasi and Paolo Tarsia
  - Chapter 127 Therapeutic approach in haemoptysis Francesco Blasi and Paolo Tarsia
Section 5 The cardiovascular system
- Part 5.1 Physiology
  - Chapter 128 Normal physiology of the cardiovascular systemHugh Montgomery and Rónan Astin
- Part 5.2 Cardiovascular monitoring
  - Chapter 129 ECG monitoring in the ICUSanjay Gandhi and William R. Lewis
  - Chapter 130 Arterial and venous cannulation in the ICURonan O’Leary and Andrew R. Bodenham
  - Chapter 131 Blood pressure monitoring in the ICUStefano Romagnoli and Giovanni Zagli
  - Chapter 132 Central venous pressure monitoring in the ICUSheldon Magder
  - Chapter 133 Pulmonary artery catheterization in the ICUEfrat Orenbuch-Harroch and Charles L. Sprung
  - Chapter 134 Mixed and central venous oxygen saturation monitoring in the ICUFrank Bloos and Konrad Reinhart
  - Chapter 135 Right ventricular function in the ICUAntoine Vieillard-Baron
  - Chapter 136 Cardiac output assessment in the ICUNishkantha Arulkumaran and Maurizio Cecconi
  - Chapter 137 Oxygen transport in the critically illStephan M. Jakob and Jukka Takala
  - Chapter 138 Tissue perfusion monitoring in the ICUEric Kipnis and Benoit Vallet
  - Chapter 139 Lactate monitoring in the ICUTim C. Jansen and Jan Bakker
  - Chapter 140 Measurement of extravascular lung water in the ICUDanny F. McAuley and Thelma Rose Craig
  - Chapter 141 Doppler echocardiography in the ICUJulien Maizel and Michel Slama
  - Chapter 142 Monitoring the microcirculation in the ICUCan Ince and Alexandre Lima
  - Chapter 143 Imaging the cardiovascular system in the ICURichard Paul and Susanna Price
- Part 5.3 Acute chest pain and coronary syndromes
  - Chapter 144 Causes and diagnosis of chest painCaroline Patterson and Derek Bell
  - Chapter 145 Pathophysiology of coronary syndromesRobert M. Bell
  - Chapter 146 Diagnosis and management of non-STEMI coronary syndromesDavid Erlinge and Göran Olivecrona
  - Chapter 147 Diagnosis and management of ST-elevation of myocardial infarctionDavid Erlinge and Göran Olivecrona
- Part 5.4 Aortic dissection
  - Chapter 148 Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of aortic dissectionSamuel J. Youssef and John A. Elefteriades
- Part 5.5 The hypotensive patient
  - Chapter 149 Pathophysiology of shockAntoine Kimmoun and Bruno Levy
  - Chapter 150 Diagnosis and management of shock in the ICUAntoinette Spevetz and Joseph E. Parrillo
- Part 5.6 Cardiac failure
  - Chapter 151 Pathophysiology and causes of cardiac failureAlexandre Mebazaa and Mervyn Singer
  - Chapter 152 Therapeutic strategy in cardiac failureAlexandre Mebazaa and Mervyn Singer
  - Chapter 153 Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation in the ICUAlain Combes and Nicolas Bréchot
  - Chapter 154 Ventricular assist devices in the ICUAlain Combes
- Part 5.7 Tachyarrhythmias
  - Chapter 155 Causes and diagnosis of tachyarrhythmiasAllan J. Walkey and David D. McManus
  - Chapter 156 Therapeutic strategy in tachyarrhythmiasAllan J. Walkey and Jared Magnani
- Part 5.8 Bradyarrhythmias
  - Chapter 157 Causes, diagnosis, and therapeutic strategy in bradyarrhythmiasHarminder S. Gill and Jaswinder S. Gill
- Part 5.9 Valvular problems
  - Chapter 158 Causes and diagnosis of valvular problemsJason F. Deen and Karen K. Stout
  - Chapter 159 Therapeutic strategy in valvular problemsJason F. Deen and Karen K. Stout
- Part 5.10 Endocarditis
  - Chapter 160 Pathophysiology and causes of endocarditisFranck Thuny and Didier Raoult
  - Chapter 161 Prevention and treatment of endocarditisDominique Grisoli and Didier Raoult
- Part 5.11 Severe hypertension
  - Chapter 162 Pathophysiology and causes of severe hypertensionJerrold H. Levy and David Faraoni
  - Chapter 163 Management of severe hypertension in the ICUJerrold H. Levy
- Part 5.12 Severe capillary leak
  - Chapter 164 Pathophysiology of severe capillary leakAnatole Harrois and Jacques Duranteau
  - Chapter 165 Management of acute non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedemaSébastien Tanaka and Jacques Duranteau
- Part 5.13 Pericardial tamponade
  - Chapter 166 Pathophysiology and causes of pericardial tamponadeJohn R. Schairer and Steven J. Keteyian
  - Chapter 167 Management of pericardial tamponadeSantanu Biswas and John J. Frank
- Part 5.14 Pulmonary hypertension
  - Chapter 168 Pathophysiology and causes of pulmonary hypertensionLaura Price and S. John Wort
  - Chapter 169 Diagnosis and management of pulmonary hypertensionPhilip Marino and Laura Price
- Part 5.15 Pulmonary embolus
  - Chapter 170 Pathophysiology and causes of pulmonary embolismMervyn Singer
  - Chapter 171 Diagnosis and management of pulmonary embolismMervyn Singer
Section 6 The gastrointestinal system
- Part 6.1 Physiology
  - Chapter 172 Normal physiology of the gastrointestinal systemAnnika Reintam Blaser and Adam M. Deane
  - Chapter 173 Normal physiology of the hepatic systemWilliam Bernal and Alberto Quaglia
- Part 6.2 Gastrointestinal monitoring
  - Chapter 174 Imaging the abdomen in the critically illImran Khalid Niazi and Navin Ramachandran
  - Chapter 175 Hepatic function in the critically illAndreas Kortgen and Michael Bauer
- Part 6.3 Gastrointestinal haemorrhage
  - Chapter 176 Pathophysiology and causes of upper gastrointestinal haemorrhageTasneem Pirani and Tony Rahman
  - Chapter 177 Diagnosis and management of upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage in the critically illTasneem Pirani and Tony Rahman
  - Chapter 178 Diagnosis and management of variceal bleeding in the critically illDeanna Blisard and Ali Al-Khafaji
  - Chapter 179 Pathophysiology and causes of lower gastrointestinal haemorrhageLeslie M. Kobayashi and Raul Coimbra
  - Chapter 180 Diagnosis and management of lower gastrointestinal haemorrhage in the critically illLeslie M. Kobayashi and Raul Coimbra
- Part 6.4 Disordered gastric motility
  - Chapter 181 Vomiting and large nasogastric aspirates in the critically illTong J. Gan and John T. Lemm
  - Chapter 182 Ileus and obstruction in the critically illPhilip Stevens and Paul Dark
  - Chapter 183 Diarrhoea and constipation in the critically illGeoffrey J. Dobb
- Part 6.5 The acute abdomen in the ICU
  - Chapter 184 Pathophysiology and management of raised intra-abdominal pressure in the critically illInneke E. De laet and Manu L. N. G. Malbrain
  - Chapter 185 Perforated viscus in the critically illOri D. Rotstein
  - Chapter 186 Ischaemic bowel in the critically illA. G. Peppelenbosch and Martijn Poeze
  - Chapter 187 Intra-abdominal sepsis in the critically illJeffrey D. Doyle and John C. Marshall
  - Chapter 188 Acute acalculous cholecystitis in the critically illVanessa P. Ho and Philip S. Barie
  - Chapter 189 Management of the open abdomen and abdominal fistulae in the critically illPhilip Stevens and Gordon Carlson
- Part 6.6 Pancreatitis
  - Chapter 190 Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and assessment of acute pancreatitisJames R. A. Skipworth and Stephen P. Pereira
  - Chapter 191 Management of acute pancreatitis in the critically illRajkumar Rajendram
- Part 6.7 Jaundice
  - Chapter 192 Pathophysiology and causes of jaundice in the critically illAnand D. Padmakumar and Mark C. Bellamy
  - Chapter 193 Management of jaundice in the critically illAnand D. Padmakumar and Mark C. Bellamy
- Part 6.8 Acute hepatic failure
  - Chapter 194 Pathophysiology and causes of acute hepatic failureSameer Patel and Julia Wendon
  - Chapter 195 Diagnosis and assessment of acute hepatic failure in the critically illSameer Patel and Julia Wendon
  - Chapter 196 Management of acute hepatic failure in the critically illDeepak Joshi and Georg Auzinger
  - Chapter 197 The effect of acute hepatic failure on drug handling in the critically illAndreas Kortgen and Michael Bauer
  - Chapter 198 Extracorporeal liver support devices in the ICURajiv Jalan and Banwari Agarwal
- Part 6.9 Acute on chronic hepatic failure
  - Chapter 199 Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and assessment of acute or chronic hepatic failureAlastair O’Brien
  - Chapter 200 Management of acute or chronic hepatic failure in the critically illAlastair O’Brien
Section 7 Nutrition
- Part 7.1 Physiology
  - Chapter 201 Normal physiology of nutritionAnnika Reintam Blaser and Adam M. Deane
  - Chapter 202 The metabolic and nutritional response to critical illnessLinda-Jayne Mottram and Gavin G. Lavery
- Part 7.2 Nutritional failure
  - Chapter 203 Pathophysiology of nutritional failure in the critically illJan Wernerman
  - Chapter 204 Assessing nutritional status in the ICUPierre-Yves Egreteau and Jean-Michel Boles
  - Chapter 205 Indirect calorimetry in the ICUJoseph L. Nates and Sharla K. Tajchman
  - Chapter 206 Enteral nutrition in the ICUShaul Lev and Pierre Singer
  - Chapter 207 Parenteral nutrition in the ICUJonathan Cohen and Shaul Lev
Section 8 The renal system
- Part 8.1 Physiology
  - Chapter 208 Normal physiology of the renal systemBruce Andrew Cooper
- Part 8.2 Renal monitoring and risk prediction
  - Chapter 209 Monitoring renal function in the critically illPaul M. Palevsky
  - Chapter 210 Imaging the urinary tract in the critically illAndrew Lewington and Michael Weston
- Part 8.3 Oliguria and acute kidney injury
  - Chapter 211 Pathophysiology of oliguria and acute kidney injuryRinaldo Bellomo and John R. Prowle
  - Chapter 212 Diagnosis of oliguria and acute kidney injuryJohn A. Kellum
  - Chapter 213 Management of oliguria and acute kidney injury in the critically illMohammed Ahmed and Sean M. Bagshaw
- Part 8.4 Renal replacement techniques
  - Chapter 214 Continuous haemofiltration techniques in the critically illZaccaria Ricci and Claudio Ronco
  - Chapter 215 Haemodialysis in the critically illRolando Claure-Del Granado and Ravindra L. Mehta
  - Chapter 216 Peritoneal dialysis in the critically illJeffrey C. Sirota and Isaac Teitelbaum
- Part 8.5 Established renal failure
  - Chapter 217 The effect of renal failure on drug handling in critical illnessMyrna Y. Munar and Ali J. Olyaei
  - Chapter 218 The effect of chronic renal failure on critical illnessSinead Kinsella and John Holian
Section 9 The neurological system
- Part 9.1 Anatomy and physiology
  - Chapter 219 Normal anatomy and physiology of the brainSimona Ferioli and Lori Shutter
  - Chapter 220 Normal anatomy and physiology of the spinal cord and peripheral nervesSteve Casha and Philippe Mercier
- Part 9.2 Neurological monitoring
  - Chapter 221 Electroencephalogram monitoring in the critically illPaul M. Vespa
  - Chapter 222 Cerebral blood flow and perfusion monitoring in the critically illSamson Sujit Kumar Gaddam and Claudia S. Robertson
  - Chapter 223 Intracranial pressure monitoring in the ICUJonathan K. J. Rhodes and Peter J. D. Andrews
  - Chapter 224 Imaging the central nervous system in the critically illOlivier Bodart and Steven Laureys
- Part 9.3 Sleep disturbance
  - Chapter 225 Pathophysiology and therapeutic strategy for sleep disturbance in the ICULouise Harder and Atul Malhotra
- Part 9.4 Agitation, confusion, and delirium
  - Chapter 226 Causes and epidemiology of agitation, confusion, and delirium in the ICUEduard E. Vasilevskis and E. Wesley Ely
  - Chapter 227 Assessment and therapeutic strategy for agitation, confusion, and delirium in the ICUMichele C. Balas and E. Wesley Ely
- Part 9.5 The unconscious patient
  - Chapter 228 Causes and diagnosis of unconsciousnessRobert D. Stevens and Joshua Kornbluth
  - Chapter 229 Management of unconsciousness in the ICUJoshua Kornbluth and Robert D. Stevens
  - Chapter 230 Non-pharmacological neuroprotection in the ICUNiklas Nielsen and David B. Seder
- Part 9.6 Seizures
  - Chapter 231 Pathophysiology and causes of seizuresThomas P. Bleck
  - Chapter 232 Assessment and management of seizures in the critically illThomas P. Bleck
- Part 9.7 Intracranial hypertension
  - Chapter 233 Causes and management of intracranial hypertensionNino Stocchetti and Andrew I. R. Maas
- Part 9.8 Stroke
  - Chapter 234 Epidemiology of strokeCandice Delcourt and Craig Anderson
  - Chapter 235 Diagnosis and assessment of strokeCandice Delcourt and Craig Anderson
  - Chapter 236 Management of ischaemic strokeSully Xiomara Fuentes Patarroyo and Craig Anderson
  - Chapter 237 Management of parenchymal haemorrhageCandice Delcourt and Craig Anderson
- Part 9.9 Non-traumatic subarachnoid haemorrhage
  - Chapter 238 Epidemiology, diagnosis, and assessment on non-traumatic subarachnoid haemorrhageChethan P. Venkatasubba Rao and Jose Ignacio Suarez
  - Chapter 239 Management of non-traumatic subarachnoid haemorrhage in the critically illChethan P. Venkatasubba Rao and Jose Ignacio Suarez
- Part 9.10 Meningitis and encephalitis
  - Chapter 240 Epidemiology, diagnosis, and assessment of meningitis and encephalitisSimon Nadel and Johnny Canlas
  - Chapter 241 Management of meningitis and encephalitis in the critically illSimon Nadel and Johnny Canlas
- Part 9.11 Non-traumatic spinal injury
  - Chapter 242 Pathophysiology, causes, and management of non-traumatic spinal injuryOliver Flower and Matthew Mac Partlin
- Part 9.12 Neuromuscular syndromes
  - Chapter 243 Epidemiology, diagnosis, and assessment of neuromuscular syndromesDavid Orlikowski and Tarek Sharshar
  - Chapter 244 Diagnosis, assessment, and management of myasthenia gravis and paramyasthenic syndromesUgan Reddy and Nicholas Hirsch
  - Chapter 245 Diagnosis, assessment, and management of tetanus, rabies, and botulismJeffrey Lipman and Robert J. Boots
  - Chapter 246 Diagnosis, assessment, and management of Guillain–Barré syndromeDavid Brealey and Nicholas Hirsch
  - Chapter 247 Diagnosis, assessment, and management of hyperthermic crisesKevin Thornton and Michael Gropper
  - Chapter 248 Diagnosis, assessment, and management of ICU-acquired weaknessNicholas Hart and Tarek Sharshar
Section 10 The metabolic and endocrine systems
- Part 10.1 Physiology
  - Chapter 249 Normal physiology of the endocrine systemSimon Baudouin and Steve Ball
- Part 10.2 Electrolyte disturbance
  - Chapter 250 Disorders of sodium in the critically illHoward L. Corwin and John K. McIlwaine
  - Chapter 251 Disorders of potassium in the critically illMatthew C. Frise and Jonathan B. Salmon
  - Chapter 252 Disorders of magnesium in the critically illFigen Esen
  - Chapter 253 Disorders of calcium in the critically illMatthew R. Rosengart
  - Chapter 254 Disorders of phosphate in the critically illDaniël A. Geerse and Marcus J. Schultz
- Part 10.3 Metabolic acidosis and alkalosis
  - Chapter 255 Pathophysiology and causes of metabolic acidosis in the critically illPatrick J. Neligan and Clifford S. Deutschman
  - Chapter 256 Management of metabolic acidosis in the critically illPatrick J. Neligan and Clifford S. Deutschman
  - Chapter 257 Pathophysiology, causes, and management of metabolic alkalosis in the critically illSerge Brimioulle
- Part 10.4 Blood glucose control
  - Chapter 258 Pathophysiology of glucose controlUlrike Madl
  - Chapter 259 Glycaemic control in critical illnessSimon Finfer
  - Chapter 260 Management of diabetic emergencies in the critically illDieter Mesotten and Sophie Van Cromphaut
- Part 10.5 Endocrine disorders
  - Chapter 261 Pathophysiology and management of adrenal disorders in the critically illBala Venkatesh and Jeremy Cohen
  - Chapter 262 Pathophysiology and management of pituitary disorders in the critically illYves Debaveye and Greet Van den Berghe
  - Chapter 263 Pathophysiology and management of thyroid disorders in the critically illMichael O’Dwyer and David Watson
  - Chapter 264 Pathophysiology and management of functional endocrine tumours in the critically illSara Nikravan and Frederick Mihm
Section 11 The haematological system
- Part 11.1 Laboratory monitoring
  - Chapter 265 The blood cells and blood countTyler J. Albert and Erik R. Swenson
  - Chapter 266 Coagulation monitoringGerhardus J. A. J. M. Kuiper and Hugo ten Cate
- Part 11.2 Haematological therapies
  - Chapter 267 Blood product therapy in the ICULirong Qu and Darrell J. Triulzi
  - Chapter 268 Apheresis in the ICUMarion Sternbach
- Part 11.3 Disordered coagulation
  - Chapter 269 Pathophysiology of disordered coagulationSimon Stanworth and Stuart McKechnie
  - Chapter 270 Disseminated intravascular coagulation in the critically illMarcel Levi and Marcus J. Schultz
  - Chapter 271 Prevention and management of thrombosis in the critically illChee M. Chan and Andrew F. Shorr
  - Chapter 272 Thrombocytopenia in the critically illJaimal Kothari and Marie Scully
- Part 11.4 Disorders of the blood cells
  - Chapter 273 Pathophysiology and management of anaemia in the critically illTimothy Walsh
  - Chapter 274 Pathophysiology and management of neutropenia in the critically illBenoit Champigneulle and Frédéric Pène
  - Chapter 275 Sickle crisis in the critically illShilpa Jain and Mark T. Gladwin
Section 12 The skin and connective tissue
- Part 12.1 Skin and connective tissue disorders
  - Chapter 276 Assessment and management of dermatological problems in the critically illRichard Groves
  - Chapter 277 Vasculitis in the critically illKarina A. Keogh
  - Chapter 278 Rheumatoid arthritis in the critically illRodrigo Cartin-Ceba and Udaya B. S. Prakash
- Part 12.2 Wound and pressure sore management
  - Chapter 279 Principles and prevention of pressure sores in the ICULaura Crawford and Ruth Kleinpell
  - Chapter 280 Dressing techniques for wounds in the critically illRuth Kleinpell and Laura Crawford
Section 13 Infection
- Part 13.1 Diagnosis and surveillance
  - Chapter 281 Microbiological surveillance in the critically ill A. P. R. Wilson
  - Chapter 282 Novel biomarkers of infection in the critically ill David T. Huang and Ayan Sen
- Part 13.2 Nosocomial infection
  - Chapter 283 Definition, epidemiology, and general management of nosocomial infection Caroline Landelle and Didier Pittet
  - Chapter 284 Healthcare worker screening for nosocomial pathogens Paul Van Buynder and Elizabeth Brodkin
  - Chapter 285 Environmental decontamination and isolation strategies in the ICU Leigh Ann Slater and Pamela A. Lipsett
  - Chapter 286 Antimicrobial selection policies in the ICU David L. Paterson and Yoshiro Hayashi
  - Chapter 287 Oral, nasopharyngeal, and gut decontamination in the ICU Evelien Oostdijk and Marc Bonten
  - Chapter 288 Diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of device-related infection in the ICU Walter Zingg and Stephan Harbarth
  - Chapter 289 Antibiotic resistance in the ICU Jonathan Edgeworth
- Part 13.3 Infection in the immunocompromised
  - Chapter 290 Drug-induced depression of immunity in the critically ill Russell J. McCulloh and Steven M. Opal
  - Chapter 291 HIV in the critically ill Mark Hull and Steven C. Reynolds
- Part 13.4 Tropical diseases
  - Chapter 292 Diagnosis and management of malaria in the ICU Christopher J. M. Whitty
  - Chapter 293 Diagnosis and management of viral haemorrhagic fevers in the ICU Emersom C. Mesquita and Fernando A. Bozza
  - Chapter 294 Other tropical diseases in the ICU Arjen M. Dondorp
- Part 13.5 Sepsis
  - Chapter 295 Assessment of sepsis in the critically ill Osamudiamen Idahosa and David T. Huang
  - Chapter 296 Management of sepsis in the critically ill Jon Sevransky
  - Chapter 297 Pathophysiology of septic shock John M. Litell and Nathan I. Shapiro
  - Chapter 298 Management of septic shock in the critically ill Sandra L. Peake and Matthew J. Maiden
Section 14 Inflammation
- Part 14.1 Physiology
  - Chapter 299 Innate immunity and the inflammatory cascadeMarianna Parlato and Jean-Marc Cavaillon
- Part 14.2 Organ-specific biomarkers
  - Chapter 300 Brain injury biomarkers in the critically illPatrick M. Kochanek and Rachel P. Berger
  - Chapter 301 Cardiac injury biomarkers in the critically illAnthony S. McLean and Stephen J. Huang
  - Chapter 302 Renal injury biomarkers in the critically illJohn R. Prowle
- Part 14.3 Host response
  - Chapter 303 The host response to infection in the critically illW. Joost Wiersinga and Tom van der Poll
  - Chapter 304 The host response to trauma and burns in the critically illEdward A. Bittner and Shawn P. Fagan
  - Chapter 305 The host response to hypoxia in the critically illRaghavan Raju and Irshad H. Chaudry
  - Chapter 306 Host–pathogen interactions in the critically illGuillaume Geri and Jean-Paul Mira
  - Chapter 307 Coagulation and the endothelium in acute injury in the critically illMarcel Levi and Tom van der Poll
  - Chapter 308 Ischaemia-reperfusion injury in the critically illMitchell P. Fink
  - Chapter 309 Repair and recovery mechanisms following critical illnessGeoffrey Bellingan and Brijesh V. Patel
  - Chapter 310 Neural and endocrine function in the immune response to critical illnessGareth L. Ackland
  - Chapter 311 Adaptive immunity in critical illnessSean F. Monaghan and Alfred Ayala
  - Chapter 312 Immunomodulation strategies in the critically illAline B. Maddux and Gordon R. Bernard
  - Chapter 313 Immunoparesis in the critically illFabienne Venet and Alain Lepape
- Part 14.4 Anaphylaxis
  - Chapter 314 Pathophysiology and management of anaphylaxis in the critically illJames Keegan and Charles D. Deakin
Section 15 Poisoning
- Part 15.1 Principles of management
  - Chapter 315 Role of toxicology assessment in poisoningAlbert Jaeger
  - Chapter 316 Decontamination and enhanced elimination of poisonsDarren M. Roberts
- Part 15.2 Management of specific poisons
  - Chapter 317 Management of salicylate poisoningBrenna M. Farmer and Neal Flomenbaum
  - Chapter 318 Management of acetaminophen (paracetamol) poisoningMichael Levine
  - Chapter 319 Management of opioid poisoningAlison L. Jones
  - Chapter 320 Management of benzodiazepine poisoningPhilippe Lheureux and Marc Van Nuffelen
  - Chapter 321 Management of tricyclic antidepressant poisoningGiorgio Berlot and Ariella Tomasini
  - Chapter 322 Management of poisoning by amphetamine or ecstasyEnno Freye
  - Chapter 323 Management of digoxin poisoningFrédéric Lapostolle and Stephen W. Borron
  - Chapter 324 Management of cocaine poisoningNicholas J. Johnson and Judd E. Hollander
  - Chapter 325 Management of β‎-blocker and calcium channel blocker poisoningGeoffrey Isbister and Colin Page
  - Chapter 326 Management of cyanide poisoningStephen W. Borron
  - Chapter 327 Management of alcohol poisoningKnut Erik Hovda and Dag Jacobsen
  - Chapter 328 Management of carbon monoxide poisoningDjillali Annane and B. Jérôme Aboab
  - Chapter 329 Management of corrosive poisoningRam E. Rajagopalan
  - Chapter 330 Management of pesticide and agricultural chemical poisoningElspeth J. Hulse and Michael Eddleston
  - Chapter 331 Management of radiation poisoningFrancis Chin Kuok Choon and Phua Dong Haur
Section 16 Trauma
- Part 16.1 Multiple trauma
  - Chapter 332 A systematic approach to the injured patientClay Cothren Burlew and Ernest E. Moore
  - Chapter 333 Pathophysiology and management of thoracic injuryGraciela Bauzá and Ayodeji Nubi
  - Chapter 334 Pathophysiology and management of abdominal injurySteven B. Johnson
  - Chapter 335 Management of vascular injuriesRamyar Gilani and Kenneth L. Mattox
  - Chapter 336 Management of limb and pelvic injuriesOmar Sabri and Martin Bircher
  - Chapter 337 Assessment and management of fat embolismNeil Soni
  - Chapter 338 Assessment and management of combat traumaSara J. Aberle and Donald H. Jenkins
- Part 16.2 Ballistic trauma
  - Chapter 339 Pathophysiology of ballistic traumaMichael C. Reade and Peter D. Thomas
  - Chapter 340 Assessment and management of ballistic traumaTimothy Hooper and David Lockey
- Part 16.3 Traumatic brain injury
  - Chapter 341 Epidemiology and pathophysiology of traumatic brain injuryImoigele Aisiku and Claudia S. Robertson
  - Chapter 342 Assessment of traumatic brain injuryPeter J. D. Andrews and Jonathan K. J. Rhodes
  - Chapter 343 Management of traumatic brain injuryAlistair A. Gibson and Peter J. D. Andrews
- Part 16.4 Spinal cord injury
  - Chapter 344 Assessment and immediate management of spinal cord injurySimon Finfer and Oliver Flower
  - Chapter 345 Ongoing management of the tetraplegic patient in the ICUOliver Flower and Raymond Raper
- Part 16.5 Burns
  - Chapter 346 Pathophysiology and assessment of burnsJohn A. M. Paro and Geoffrey C. Gurtner
  - Chapter 347 Management of burns in the ICUShahriar Shahrokhi and Marc G. Jeschke
Section 17 Physical disorders
- Part 17.1 Drowning
  - Chapter 348 Pathophysiology and management of drowningJerome H. Modell and Sean Kiley
- Part 17.2 Electrocution
  - Chapter 349 Pathophysiology and management of electrocutionJeffrey S. Neiger and Richard G. Trohman
- Part 17.3 Altitude- and depth-related disorders
  - Chapter 350 Pathophysiology and management of altitude-related disordersDaniel S. Martin and Michael P. W. Grocott
  - Chapter 351 Pathophysiology and management of depth-related disordersPeter Radermacher and Claus-Martin Muth
- Part 17.4 Temperature related disorders
  - Chapter 352 Pathophysiology and management of feverGabriele Bassi and Roberto Fumagalli
  - Chapter 353 Pathophysiology and management of hyperthermiaAbderrezak Bouchama
  - Chapter 354 Pathophysiology and management of hypothermiaColin Ferguson
- Part 17.5 Rhabdomyolysis
  - Chapter 355 Pathophysiology and management of rhabdomyolysisJosep M. Grau and Esteban Poch
Section 18 Pain and sedation
- Part 18.1 Pain
  - Chapter 356 Pathophysiology and assessment of painRebecca E. Martin and Ross D. MacPherson
  - Chapter 357 Pain management in the critically illRoss D. MacPherson
- Part 18.2 Sedation
  - Chapter 358 Sedation assessment in the critically illGiovanni Mistraletti and Gaetano Iapichino
  - Chapter 359 Management of sedation in the critically illBhakti K. Patel and John P. Kress
Section 19 General surgical and obstetric intensive care
- Part 19.1 Optimization strategies for the high-risk surgical patient
  - Chapter 360 Identification of the high-risk surgical patientRupert Pearse and Stephen James
  - Chapter 361 Peri-operative optimization of the high risk surgical patientMonty Mythen and Michael P. W. Grocott
- Part 19.2 General post-operative intensive care
  - Chapter 362 Post-operative ventilatory dysfunction management in the ICUPaolo Chiarandini and Giorgio Della Rocca
  - Chapter 363 Post-operative fluid and circulatory management in the ICUClaudia Ebm and Andrew Rhodes
  - Chapter 364 Enhanced surgical recovery programmes in the ICUMichael J. Scott and Monty Mythen
- Part 19.3 Obstetric intensive care
  - Chapter 365 Obstetric physiology and special considerations in ICUPatrick J. Neligan and John G. Laffey
  - Chapter 366 Pathophysiology and management of pre-eclampsia, eclampsia, and HELLP syndromeMuna Noori and Catherine Nelson-Piercy
  - Chapter 367 Obstetric Disorders in the ICUAndrew Levinson and Ghada Bourjeily
Section 20 Specialized intensive care
- Part 20.1 Specialized surgical intensive care
  - Chapter 368 Intensive care management after cardiothoracic surgeryMatthew Barnard and Nicola Jones
  - Chapter 369 Intensive care management after neurosurgeryKamalakkannan Subhas and Martin Smith
  - Chapter 370 Intensive care management after vascular surgeryAlexander Timothy Dewhurst and Brigitta Brandner
  - Chapter 371 Intensive care management in hepatic and other abdominal organ transplantationIvonne M. Daly and Ali Al-Khafaji
  - Chapter 372 Intensive care management in cardiac transplantationKeshava Rajagopal and Bartley P. Griffith
  - Chapter 373 Intensive care management in lung transplantationKeshava Rajagopal and Bartley P. Griffith
- Part 20.2 Oncological intensive care
  - Chapter 374 ICU selection and outcome of patients with haematological malignancyWilliam M. Townsend and Emma C. Morris
  - Chapter 375 Management of the bone marrow transplant recipient in ICUAndrew Retter
  - Chapter 376 Management of oncological complications in the ICUNiall S. MacCallum
Section 21 Recovery from critical illness
- Part 21.1 In-hospital recovery from critical illness
  - Chapter 377 Chronic critical illnessCatherine L. Hough
  - Chapter 378 Promoting physical recovery in critical illnessGregory A. Schmidt and Kevin Doerschug
  - Chapter 379 Promoting renal recovery in critical illnessNattachai Srisawat and John A. Kellum
  - Chapter 380 Recovering from critical illness in hospitalSaxon Ridley
- Part 21.2 Complications of critical illness
  - Chapter 381 Physical consequences of critical illnessMargaret S. Herridge and Jane Batt
  - Chapter 382 Neurocognitive impairment after critical illnessRamona O. Hopkins and James C. Jackson
  - Chapter 383 Affective and mood disorders after critical illnessDaniel W. Klyce and James C. Jackson
- Part 21.3 Out-of-hospital support after critical illness
  - Chapter 384 Long-term weaning centres in critical careJeremy M. Kahn
  - Chapter 385 The ICU survivor clinicPriya Das and Carl Waldmann
  - Chapter 386 Rehabilitation from critical illness after hospital dischargeLaura Vincent and Carl Waldmann
Section 22 End-of-life care
- Part 22.1 Withdrawing and withholding treatment
  - Chapter 387 Ethical decision making in withdrawing and withholding treatment Margaret Isaac and Jared Randall Curtis
  - Chapter 388 Management of the dying patient Judith E. Nelson and Aluko A. Hope
- Part 22.2 Management of the potential organ donor
  - Chapter 389 Beating heart organ donation Martin Smith
  - Chapter 390 Non-heart-beating organ donation Mohamed Y. Rady and Ari R. Joffe
- Part 22.3 Post-mortem diagnosis
  - Chapter 391 Post-mortem examination in the ICU Eva Tejerina and Andrés Esteban
End Matter
- Index

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date: 26 November 2020

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Oxford Textbook of Critical Care (2 ed.)

Edited by Andrew Webb, Derek Angus, Simon Finfer, Luciano Gattinoni, and Mervyn Singer

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