Oxford Textbook of Trauma and Orthopaedics

Oxford Textbook of Trauma and Orthopaedics (2 ed.)

Edited by Christopher Bulstrode, James Wilson-MacDonald, Deborah M. Eastwood, John McMaster, Jeremy Fairbank, Parminder J. Singh, Sandeep Bawa, Panagoitis D. Gikas, Tim Bunker, Grey Giddins, Mark Blyth, David Stanley, Paul H. Cooke, Richard Carrington, Peter Calder, Paul Wordsworth, and Tim Briggs

Abstract

The Oxford Textbook of Trauma and Orthopaedics provides comprehensive coverage of the relevant background science, theory, practice, decision-making skills and operative techniques required to provide modern orthopaedic and trauma care.

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Bibliographic Information

Publisher:: Oxford University Press

Print Publication Date:: Aug 2011

Print ISBN-13:: 9780199550647

Published online:: Apr 2011

DOI:: 10.1093/med/9780199550647.001.0001

Authors

Christopher Bulstrode, editor Clinical Reader in Trauma and Orthopaedics, University of Oxford, UK

James Wilson-MacDonald, editor Consultant Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgeon, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre NHS Trust and Oxford Radcliffe NHS Trust, Oxford, UK

Deborah M. Eastwood, editor Consultant Paediatric Orthopaedic Surgeon, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, Middlesex, UK

John McMaster, editor Oxford Trauma Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK

Jeremy Fairbank, editor Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon, St Luke's Hospital, Oxford, UK

Parminder J. Singh, editor Consultant Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgeon, Maroondah Hospital, Australia

Sandeep Bawa, editor Department of Rheumatology, Gartnavel General Hospital, Glasgow University Hospitals, Glasgow, UK

Panagoitis D. Gikas, editor Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, Middlesex, UK

Tim Bunker, editor Princess Elizabeth Orthopaedic Centre, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK

Grey Giddins, editor Royal United Hospital, Bath, UK

Mark Blyth, editor Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK

David Stanley, editor Northern General Hospital, Sheffield, UK

Paul H. Cooke, editor Consultant Foot and Ankle Surgeon, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford, UK

Richard Carrington, editor The Joint Reconstruction Unit, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, UK

Peter Calder, editor The Catterall Unit, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, Middlesex, UK

Paul Wordsworth, editor Biomedical Research Unit, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Headington, Oxford, UK

Tim Briggs, editor Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, Middlesex, UK

Disclaimer

Oxford University Press makes no representation, express or implied, that the drug dosages in this book are correct. Readers must therefore always check the product information and clinical procedures with the most up to date published product information and data sheets provided by the manufacturers and the most recent codes of conduct and safety regulations. The authors and the publishers do not accept responsibility or legal liability for any errors in the text or for the misuse or misapplication of material in this work. Except where otherwise stated, drug dosages and recommendations are for the non-pregnant adult who is not breastfeeding.

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Front Matter
SECTION 1 Fundamentals
- 1.1 Foundations of clinical practiceThomas Hughes
- 1.2 Classification and outcome measuresHemant Pandit
- 1.3 The musculoskeletal system: structure and functionParminder J. Singh and Rohit Kotnis
- 1.4 Injury and repair Parminder J. Singh and Rohit Kotnis
- 1.5 HaemoglobinopathiesPaul L.F. Giangrande
- 1.6 Prevention of thrombosis in orthopaedic surgeryDavid Warwick
- 1.7 Pain and its controlHenry McQuay
- 1.8 BiomechanicsAmy B. Zavatsky
- 1.9 Gait analysisChristopher Bulstrode
- 1.10 ImagingJoong Mo Ahn, Yusuf Menda, and Georges Y. El-Khoury
- 1.11 Complex regional pain syndromeRoger M. Atkins
- 1.12 Neuromuscular disordersTim Theologis
- 1.13 Neuromuscular and skeletal manifestations of neurofibromatosisJeremy Fairbank
SECTION 2 Bone and Soft Tissue Tumours
- 2.1 Choice of surgery for tumour: Staging and surgical marginsPanagiotis D. Gikas and Timothy W.R. Briggs
- 2.2 Amputations, endoprosthetic joint replacement, massive bone replacement, other alternativesWilliam J.S. Aston, Gordon Blunn, and Timothy W.R. Briggs
- 2.3 Benign tumours of soft tissuesKesavan Sri-Ram, Anthony McGrath, Eric Yeung, Ben Spiegelberg, Nick Kalson, Barry Rose, Rob Pollock, and John Skinner
- 2.4 Malignant tumours of soft tissuesRej S. Bhumbra, Panagiotis D. Gikas, Sammy Hanna, Jakub Jagiello, and Stephen R. Cannon
- 2.5 Benign bone tumoursAnthony Mcgrath, Kesavan Sri-Ram, Eric Yeung, Ben Spiegelberg, Nick Kalson, Barry Rose, Rob Pollock, and John Skinner
- 2.6 Malignant bone tumoursRej S. Bhumbra, Panagiotis D. Gikas, Sammy Hanna, Jakub Jagiello, and Stephen R. Cannon
- 2.7 Metastatic bone diseasePanagiotis D. Gikas and Timothy W.R. Briggs
SECTION 3 The Spine
- 3.1 Cervical spine disordersHoward An
- 3.2 Degenerative disease of the thoracic spineJayme R. Hiratzka, Robert A. Hart, and Henry H. Bohlman
- 3.3 Clinical presentations of the lumbar spineJeremy Fairbank and Elaine Buchanan
- 3.4 Non-operative management of non-specific low back pain (types 1 and 2)Jeremy Fairbank and Elaine Buchanan
- 3.5 Cauda equina syndromeJeremy Fairbank
- 3.6 Surgical management of chronic low back painJeremy Fairbank
- 3.7 Management of nerve root pain (syn: sciatica, radicularpain)Jeremy Fairbank
- 3.8 Management of neurogenic claudication and spinal stenosisJeremy Fairbank
- 3.9 Clinical presentation of spinal deformitiesJeremy Fairbank
- 3.10 Idiopathic scoliosisJeremy Fairbank
- 3.11 Congenital scoliosis and kyphosisJeremy Fairbank
- 3.12 Neuromuscular scoliosisJeremy Fairbank
- 3.13 Syndromal scoliosisEvan M. Davies
- 3.14 Brace treatment in idiopathic scoliosis: the case for treatmentIan Harding
- 3.15 Iatrogenic spinal deformityPaul Rhys Davies and John K. Webb
- 3.16 KyphosisMichael Grevitt and John K. Webb
- 3.17 Spondylolisthesis and spondylolysisDietrich Schlenzka
- 3.18 The infected spineJeremy Fairbank
- 3.19 Cross-sectional imaging in spinal disordersS. Gaba, Philip McNee, and Eugene McNally
SECTION 4 The Shoulder
- 4.1 The clinical evaluation of the shoulderTim D. Bunker
- 4.2 Pathology of cuff tearsPeter Reilly
- 4.3 Treatment of rotator cuff diseaseLennard Funk and Amol Tambe
- 4.4 BicepsPhilip M. Ahrens
- 4.5 Frozen shoulderTim D. Bunker
- 4.6 Calcifying tendinitisDon Wallace and Andrew Carr
- 4.7 InstabilitySimon M. Lambert
- 4.8 Surface replacement of the shoulderStephen Copeland and Jai Relwani
- 4.9 Stemmed total shoulder replacementIan A. Trail
- 4.10 Acromioclavicular jointDavid Potter
- 4.11 The clavicle and sternoclavicular jointSimon N.J. Roberts
- 4.12 Disorders of the scapulaRoger Emery
- 4.13 Reverse geometry replacementDuncan J. Watkinson and Pascal Boileau
SECTION 5 The Elbow
- 5.1 Clinical evaluation of elective problems in the adult elbowAmir Salama and Amjid Ali
- 5.2 Lateral and medial epicondylitisNick Phillips
- 5.3 Chronic instability of the elbowAmir Salama and David Stanley
- 5.4 Rheumatoid arthritis of the elbowDavid Clark
- 5.5 Osteoarthritis of the elbow jointShantanu Shahane
- 5.6 Elbow arthroscopyAmir A. Qureshi and Stuart M. Hay
- 5.7 Bursitis of the elbowAndreas F. Hinsche
SECTION 6 The Hand and Wrist
- 6.1 Assessment and investigation of chronic wrist painI.A. Trail, D. Temperley, and J.K. Stanley
- 6.2 Degenerative arthritis of the wristPeter Burge
- 6.3 Kienböck’s diseaseIlana Langdon and Grey Giddins
- 6.4 The distal radioulnar jointRuby Grewal, James H. Roth, and G.J.W. King
- 6.5 Rheumatoid arthritis of the hand and wristJ. Stothard
- 6.6 Osteoarthritis of the handT.R.C. Davis and N.D. Downing
- 6.7 Dupuytren’s diseasePeter Burge
- 6.8 Tendon disordersWill Mason and David Warwick
- 6.9 Reconstruction after nerve injuryT.E.J. Hems
- 6.10 Peripheral nerve entrapmentKrista E. Weiss and Arnold-Peter C. Weiss
- 6.11 Neurophysiological examination of the hand and wristKerry R. Mills
- 6.12 Tumours and hand reconstructionD. Glynn Bolitho
- 6.13 Ganglia of the wrist and handDouglas A. Campbell and Peter Burge
- 6.14 Hand infectionLisa Leonard
SECTION 7 The Hip
- 7.1 Indications for hip replacementJ. Miles and Timothy W.R.Briggs
- 7.2 Approaches to the hipJ. Miles and Timothy W.R. Briggs
- 7.3 Preoperative planning for total hip replacement, consent, and complicationsR.W.J. Carrington
- 7.4 Total hip replacement: implant fixationDavid H. Sochart
- 7.5 Implant choice for primary total hip arthroplastyParminder J. Singh and Richard E. Field
- 7.6 Bearing surfacesGordon Blunn
- 7.7 The young arthritic hipAhmad K. Malik and Aresh Hashemi-Nejad
- 7.8 The complex primary total hip replacementJames Donaldson and Richard Carrington
- 7.9 Surgical options excluding total hip replacement for hip painAhmad K.Malik and Aresh Hashemi-Nejad
- 7.10 Total hip replacement: modes of failureRob Pollock
- 7.11 Revision total hip replacement and complications in total hip replacementJ. Miles and R.W.J. Carrington
- 7.12 Management of total hip replacement periprosthetic fracturesF.S. Haddad and F. Rayan
- 7.13 Management of the infected total hip replacementI. Stockley
- 7.14 Hip resurfacingDeepak Kumar and Richard Carrington
- 7.15 Sports injuries in the pelvic regionRoger Wolman
- 7.16 Inflammatory and metabolic bone disorders of the pelvisRichard W. Keen
- 7.17 Hip pain in the radiologically normal hipAresh Hashemi-Nejad
- 7.18 Hip arthroscopy: assessment, investigations, and interventionsParminder J. Singh, John M. O’Donnell, and Richard E. Field
SECTION 8 The Knee
- 8.1 History and examination of the kneeTim Spalding
- 8.2 Cartilage repair in the young kneeTim Spalding and Lars Peterson
- 8.3 Magnetic resonance imaging of the kneeRyan Shulman, Adrian Wilson, and Delia Peppercorn
- 8.4 Osteotomies around the kneeMui-Hong Lim and John Bartlett
- 8.5 Arthrodesis of the kneeAndrew Floyd
- 8.6 Total knee replacementWilliam J. Long and Giles R. Scuderi
- 8.7 Complications of total knee replacementBryn Jones
- 8.8 Revision total knee replacementKelly Vince and Jacob Munro
- 8.9 Miscellaneous conditions around the kneePaul Monk, Max Gibbons, and Tom Temple
- 8.10 The patellofemoral jointSimon Donell
- 8.11 Surgical techniques of anterior cruciate ligament reconstructionJulian Feller
- 8.12 Combined ligament injuries around the kneeAndy Williams and Ali Narvani
- 8.13 Unicompartmental knee replacementHemant Pandit, Christopher Dodd, and David Murray
- 8.14 Meniscal injury and managementSteve Bollen
SECTION 9 The foot
- 9.1 Ankle and hindfoot arthritisPaul H. Cooke and Andy Goldberg
- 9.2 Disorders of the forefootAndrew H.N. Robinson and Maneesh Bhatia
- 9.3 Diabetic footAndy Goldberg and Paul H. Cooke
- 9.4 Orthoses of the foot and legJo Mitchell and Paul H. Cooke
- 9.5 Tendon and ligament disorders of the foot and ankleMatthew C. Solan and Mark S. Davies
SECTION 10 Medical Disorders of the Skeleton
- 10.1 Metabolic disease of skeleton and inherited disordersPaul Wordsworth
- 10.2 Rheumatoid arthritisSandeep Bawa and Paul Wordsworth
- 10.3 Crystal arthropathiesSandeep Bawa and Paul Wordsworth
- 10.4 SpondyloarthropathiesInoshi Atukorala, Sandeep Bawa, and Paul Wordsworth
- 10.5 Inflammatory connective tissue diseaseCatherine Swales
- 10.6 OsteoporosisMalgorzata Magliano
- 10.7 OsteoarthritisKassim Javaid and Paul Wordsworth
SECTION 11 Infection, Amputation, and Prostheses
- 11.1 Chronic long bone osteomyelitisPeter Calder
- 11.2 Miscellaneous orthopaedic infectionsSally Tennant and Peter Calder
- 11.3 Amputations and prosthesesRajiv S. Hanspal and Peter Calder
- 11.4 Acute osteomyelitisPeter Calder
- 11.5 Septic arthritisPeter Calder
SECTION 12 Trauma
- 12.1 Fracture classificationThomas A. DeCoster
- 12.2 Complications of fracturesJames Wilson-MacDonald and Andrew James
- 12.3 Orthopaedic approach to the multiply injured patientAndrew C. Gray
- 12.4 Head, thoracic, and abdominal injury in the orthopaedic patientK. Boffard
- 12.5 Massive transfusionK. Boffard
- 12.6 Blast and ballistic injuryJ. Clasper
- 12.7 Management of open fracturesJohn McMaster
- 12.8 Soft tissue coverageChristopher M. Caddy and Andrew N. Morritt
- 12.9 Combined vascular and orthopaedic injuriesE. Chaloner
- 12.10 Limb salvage versus amputationGregory M. Georgiadis
- 12.11 Functional bracingAugusto Sarmiento and Loren L. Latta
- 12.12 Principles of plate and screw osteosynthesisGlenn Clewer and John McMaster
- 12.13 Principles of intramedullary nailingDavid Noyes and John McMaster
- 12.14 Principles of monolateral external fixationF. Lavini, C. Dall’Oca, and L. Renzi Brivio
- 12.15 Principles of circular external fixation in traumaMartin A. McNally and Maurizio A. Catagni
- 12.16 Absorbable implants for fracture fixationO. M. Böstman
- 12.17 Stress fracturesM. Henry
- 12.18 Pathological fracturesD.E. Porter
- 12.19 Management of segmental bone defectsStuart J.E. Matthews
- 12.20 Injuries to muscle–tendon unitsS.D. Deo
- 12.21 Dislocations and joint injuries in the handPeter Burge
- 12.22 Flexor tendon injuriesRobert Savage
- 12.23 Extensor tendon injuries in the hand and wristDavid M. Evans
- 12.24 Soft tissue hand injuriesDominic Furniss and Anthony J. Heywood
- 12.25 Nerve injuriesGrey Giddins
- 12.26 Brachial plexus injuriesGrey Giddins
- 12.27 ReplantationD. Grinsell, D.R. Theile, and W.A. Morrison
- 12.28 Metacarpal and phalangeal fracturesT.R.C. Davis and J.A. Oni
- 12.29 Scaphoid fracturesSimon Tan and Mike Craigen
- 12.30 Instabilities of the carpusDavid Lawrie, Chris Little, and Ian McNab
- 12.31 Injuries to the distal radioulnar jointDavid Lawrie, Chris Little, and Ian McNab
- 12.32 Distal radius fractureAlastair Graham
- 12.33 Forearm fracturesBen Ollivere and Matthew Porteous
- 12.34 Elbow fractures and dislocationsJohn R. Williams and Brian J. Holdsworth
- 12.35 Humeral shaft fracturesChris Little
- 12.36 Fractures and dislocations of the shoulder girdleGregoris Kambouroglou
- 12.37 Imaging in spinal traumaP. McNee, S. Gaba, and E. McNally
- 12.38 Emergency management of the traumatized cervical spineJens R. Chapman and Richard J. Bransford
- 12.39 Upper cervical injuriesPaul A. Anderson
- 12.40 Subaxial cervical spine injuriesSergio Mendoza-Lattes and Charles R. Clark
- 12.41 Whiplash-associated disordersRouin Amirfeyz, Simon Kelley, Martin Gargan, and Gordon Bannister
- 12.42 Thoracic fracturesChristopher J. Dare and Evan M. Davies
- 12.43 Thoracolumbar, lumbar, and sacral fracturesPhilip Sell
- 12.44 Post-traumatic spinal reconstructionBrian J.C. Freeman
- 12.45 Rehabilitation of spinal cord injuriesB. Gardner
- 12.46 Pelvic ring fractures: assessment, associated injuries, and acute managementJohn McMaster
- 12.47 Pelvic fracture: definitive managementJohn McMaster
- 12.48 Fractures of the acetabulum: radiographic assessment and classificationJohn A. Boudreau and Berton R. Moed
- 12.49 Management of acetabular fracturesBerton R. Moed
- 12.50 Dislocations of the hip and femoral head fracturesA. Pohl
- 12.51 Femoral neck fracturesMartyn J. Parker
- 12.52 Trochanteric and subtrochanteric fracturesMartyn J. Parker
- 12.53 Femur shaft fracturesThomas A. DeCoster and Zhiqing Xing
- 12.54 Supracondylar fractures of the femurWingrove T. Jarvis and Ananda M. Nanu
- 12.55 Patella fractures and dislocationsJ.L. Marsh
- 12.56 Tibial plateau fracturesPhil Walmsley and John Keating
- 12.57 Tibial shaft fracturesS. Naidu Maripuri and K. Mohanty
- 12.58 Tibial plafond fracturesJ.L. Marsh
- 12.59 Ankle fracturesR. Handley and A. Gandhe
- 12.60 Fractures of the talus and peritalar dislocationsStuart J.E. Matthews
- 12.61 Fractures of the calcaneumRoger M. Atkins
- 12.62 Midfoot and forefoot fractures and dislocationsAndrew Taylor
SECTION 13 Paediatric Orthopaedics
- 13.1 Osteomyelitis and septic arthritis in childrenJ.S. Huntley and H. Crawford
- 13.2a Juvenile idiopathic arthritis: medical aspectsClarissa Pilkington
- 13.2b Juvenile idiopathic arthritis: surgical managementNicholas D. Riley and A. Hashemi–Nejad
- 13.3 An overview of cerebral palsyLucinda J. Carr
- 13.4 Lower limb management in cerebral palsyTim Theologis and J.M.H. Paterson
- 13.5 Upper limb management in cerebral palsyRachel Buckingham
- 13.6 Management of the child with total body involvementTim Theologis
- 13.7 The orthopaedic management of myelomeningocoelePhilip Henman
- 13.8 Neurological aspects of spinal disorders in childrenNajma Farooq, S.K. Tucker, and D. Thompson
- 13.9 ArthrogryposisRoderick Duncan
- 13.10 Common disorders of the lower limbTim Theologis
- 13.11 Congenital upper limb anomaliesBenjamin J. Hudson and Deborah M. Eastwood
- 13.12 Congenital brachial plexus palsyMarco Sinisi
- 13.13 Malformations of the hand and wristHenk Giele
- 13.14 Management of the limb deficient childPeter Calder and Rajiv S. Hanspal
- 13.15 The management of limb length inequalityFergal Monsell
- 13.16 Developmental deformities of the lower limbsAndrew Wainwright
- 13.17 Developmental dysplasia of the hipAnish Sanghrajka and Deborah M. Eastwood
- 13.18 Legg–Calve–Perthes diseaseColin Bruce
- 13.19 Slipped capital femoral epiphysisN.M.P. Clarke
- 13.20 Common knee conditionsShahryar Noordin and Andrew Howard
- 13.21 Congenital talipes equinovarusMichael Uglow
- 13.22 The foot in childhoodManoj Ramachandran
- 13.23 Sports injuries and syndromesSimon Thomas and Michael Walton
SECTION 14 Paediatric Trauma
- 14.1 Musculoskeletal injuries in childrenTim Theologis
- 14.2 Physeal injuriesG. Spence and Deborah M. Eastwood
- 14.3 Fractures of the spine in childrenJames Wilson-MacDonald and Colin Nnadi
- 14.4 Injuries around the shoulder in childrenTanaya Sarkhel and Jonathan Clasper
- 14.5 Fractures about the elbow in childrenJ. Chell
- 14.6 Fractures and dislocations about the paediatric forearmA. Bass
- 14.7 Children’s hand traumaHenk Giele
- 14.8 Injuries of the pelvis and hip in childrenJon D. Hop and J.L. Marsh
- 14.9 Injuries of the femur and patella in childrenDavid Hollinghurst
- 14.10 Tibial and ankle fractures in childrenB.W. Scott and P.A. Templeton
- 14.11 Foot injuries in childrenMichael J. Oddy and Deborah M. Eastwood
End Matter

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Oxford Textbook of Trauma and Orthopaedics (2 ed.)

Edited by Christopher Bulstrode, James Wilson-MacDonald, Deborah M. Eastwood, John McMaster, Jeremy Fairbank, Parminder J. Singh, Sandeep Bawa, Panagoitis D. Gikas, Tim Bunker, Grey Giddins, Mark Blyth, David Stanley, Paul H. Cooke, Richard Carrington, Peter Calder, Paul Wordsworth, and Tim Briggs

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