- Part 1 Principles of international endocrine practice
- Part 2 Pituitary and hypothalamic diseases
- Part 3 The thyroid
- Part 4 Parathyroid, calcium, and bone metabolism
- Part 5 The adrenal gland and endocrine hypertension
- Part 6 Neuroendocrine tumours and genetic disorders
- Part 7 Growth and development during childhood
- Part 8 Female endocrinology and pregnancy
- Part 9 Male hypogonadism and infertility
- Part 10 Endocrinology of ageing and systemic disease
- Part 11 Endocrinology of cancer
- Part 12 Obesity, lipids, and metabolic disorders
- Part 13 Diabetes mellitus
- 13.1 Classification and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus
- 13.2 Aetiology and pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus
- 13.3 Aetiology and pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus
- 13.4 Management of diabetes mellitus
- 13.4.1 Clinical features, lifestyle management, and glycaemic targets in type 2 diabetes mellitus
- 13.4.2 Pharmacological therapy of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus
- 13.4.3 Diabetes in diverse ethnic groups
- 13.4.3.1 The world pandemic of diabetes
- 13.4.3.2 Diabetes in South Asians
- 13.4.3.3 Diabetes in the South Asian diaspora
- 13.4.3.4 Diabetes in sub-Saharan Africa and in Africans
- 13.4.4 Structured education for people with type 2 diabetes mellitus
- 13.4.5 Metabolic surgery in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus
- 13.4.6 Management of type 1 diabetes mellitus
- 13.4.7 Type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus in children
- 13.4.8 Hypoglycaemia in the treatment of diabetes mellitus
- 13.4.9 Non-biological technologies in glucose sensing
- 13.4.10 Management of diabetes mellitus in special situations
- 13.5 Microvascular complications
- 13.6 Macrovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus
- 13.7 The diabetic foot
- 13.8 Mental health and diabetes mellitus
- 13.9 Organization of diabetes care
- 13.10 Transplantation in Diabetes
- 13.11 Gene therapy in diabetes mellitus
Diabetes in diverse ethnic groups
A pandemic refers to a disease that is rapidly increasing in frequency across many populations, over a wide geographical area (1). Put another way, it refers to the situation in which epidemics of the disease are occurring simultaneously in many countries. This is the case for diabetes, which has the dubious distinction of being one of the few chronic non-communicable diseases known to be increasing in all countries from which data are available, irrespective of the level of economic development (2). This is mirrored by a pandemic of people who are overweight or obese (3), the major risk factors for type 2 diabetes.
This chapter focuses on diabetes in adults (aged 20 years old and above), of which 85% to more than 95%, depending on the population, have type 2 diabetes (2, 4), which is thus the main contributor to the growing burden of diabetes. However, it is worth noting that, in children (<15 years old), the incidence of type 1 diabetes is also increasing, particularly in the youngest age groups, across the vast majority of countries from which good data are available (5). The reasons for this increase are unclear, although various environmental risk factors have been implicated (5).
This chapter aims to do the following:
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- Part 1 Principles of international endocrine practice
- Part 2 Pituitary and hypothalamic diseases
- Part 3 The thyroid
- Part 4 Parathyroid, calcium, and bone metabolism
- Part 5 The adrenal gland and endocrine hypertension
- Part 6 Neuroendocrine tumours and genetic disorders
- Part 7 Growth and development during childhood
- Part 8 Female endocrinology and pregnancy
- Part 9 Male hypogonadism and infertility
- Part 10 Endocrinology of ageing and systemic disease
- Part 11 Endocrinology of cancer
- Part 12 Obesity, lipids, and metabolic disorders
- Part 13 Diabetes mellitus
- 13.1 Classification and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus
- 13.2 Aetiology and pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus
- 13.3 Aetiology and pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus
- 13.4 Management of diabetes mellitus
- 13.4.1 Clinical features, lifestyle management, and glycaemic targets in type 2 diabetes mellitus
- 13.4.2 Pharmacological therapy of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus
- 13.4.3 Diabetes in diverse ethnic groups
- 13.4.3.1 The world pandemic of diabetes
- 13.4.3.2 Diabetes in South Asians
- 13.4.3.3 Diabetes in the South Asian diaspora
- 13.4.3.4 Diabetes in sub-Saharan Africa and in Africans
- 13.4.4 Structured education for people with type 2 diabetes mellitus
- 13.4.5 Metabolic surgery in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus
- 13.4.6 Management of type 1 diabetes mellitus
- 13.4.7 Type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus in children
- 13.4.8 Hypoglycaemia in the treatment of diabetes mellitus
- 13.4.9 Non-biological technologies in glucose sensing
- 13.4.10 Management of diabetes mellitus in special situations
- 13.5 Microvascular complications
- 13.6 Macrovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus
- 13.7 The diabetic foot
- 13.8 Mental health and diabetes mellitus
- 13.9 Organization of diabetes care
- 13.10 Transplantation in Diabetes
- 13.11 Gene therapy in diabetes mellitus