- Part 1 Principles of international endocrine practice
- Part 2 Pituitary and hypothalamic diseases
- Part 3 The thyroid
- Part 4 Parathyroid, calcium, and bone metabolism
- 4.1 Parathyroid anatomy, hormone synthesis, secretion, action, and receptors
- 4.2Hypercalcaemia
- 4.3 Primary hyperparathyroidism
- 4.4 Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia
- 4.5 Hypocalcaemic disorders, hypoparathyroidism, and pseudohypoparathyroidism
- 4.6 Hypercalcaemic and hypocalcaemic syndromes in children
- 4.7 Osteoporosis
- 4.8 Thyroid disorders and bone disease
- 4.9 Paget’s disease of bone
- 4.10 Rickets and osteomalacia (acquired and heritable forms) and skeletal dysplasias
- 4.11 Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis
- Part 5 The adrenal gland and endocrine hypertension
- Part 6 Neuroendocrine tumours and genetic disorders
- Part 7 Growth and development during childhood
- Part 8 Female endocrinology and pregnancy
- Part 9 Male hypogonadism and infertility
- Part 10 Endocrinology of ageing and systemic disease
- Part 11 Endocrinology of cancer
- Part 12 Obesity, lipids, and metabolic disorders
- Part 13 Diabetes mellitus
(p. 712) Thyroid disorders and bone disease
- Chapter:
- (p. 712) Thyroid disorders and bone disease
- Author(s):
Moira S. Cheung
, Apostolos I. Gogakos
, J.H. Duncan Bassett
, and Graham R. Williams
- DOI:
- 10.1093/med/9780199235292.003.0465
Osteoporosis is defined as a bone mineral density (BMD) of 2.5 or more standard deviations below that of a young adult (T score ≤ −2.5). It is characterized by reduced bone mass, low BMD, deterioration of bone microarchitecture, and an increased susceptibility to fragility fracture. The prevalence of postmenopausal osteoporosis increases with age from 6% at 50 years of age to over 50% at age 80 and the lifetime incidence of fracture for a 50 year old in the UK is 40% for women and 13% for men. Osteoporosis is a worldwide public health burden that costs an estimated £1.7 billion in the UK, $15 billion in the USA, and £32 billion in Europe per annum (see Chapter 4.7).
Access to the complete content on Oxford Medicine Online requires a subscription or purchase. Public users are able to search the site and view the abstracts for each book and chapter without a subscription.
Please subscribe or login to access full text content.
If you have purchased a print title that contains an access token, please see the token for information about how to register your code.
For questions on access or troubleshooting, please check our FAQs, and if you can't find the answer there, please contact us.
- Part 1 Principles of international endocrine practice
- Part 2 Pituitary and hypothalamic diseases
- Part 3 The thyroid
- Part 4 Parathyroid, calcium, and bone metabolism
- 4.1 Parathyroid anatomy, hormone synthesis, secretion, action, and receptors
- 4.2Hypercalcaemia
- 4.3 Primary hyperparathyroidism
- 4.4 Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia
- 4.5 Hypocalcaemic disorders, hypoparathyroidism, and pseudohypoparathyroidism
- 4.6 Hypercalcaemic and hypocalcaemic syndromes in children
- 4.7 Osteoporosis
- 4.8 Thyroid disorders and bone disease
- 4.9 Paget’s disease of bone
- 4.10 Rickets and osteomalacia (acquired and heritable forms) and skeletal dysplasias
- 4.11 Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis
- Part 5 The adrenal gland and endocrine hypertension
- Part 6 Neuroendocrine tumours and genetic disorders
- Part 7 Growth and development during childhood
- Part 8 Female endocrinology and pregnancy
- Part 9 Male hypogonadism and infertility
- Part 10 Endocrinology of ageing and systemic disease
- Part 11 Endocrinology of cancer
- Part 12 Obesity, lipids, and metabolic disorders
- Part 13 Diabetes mellitus