- Part 1 Principles of international endocrine practice
- Part 2 Pituitary and hypothalamic diseases
- Part 3 The thyroid
- Part 4 Parathyroid, calcium, and bone metabolism
- 4.1 Parathyroid anatomy, hormone synthesis, secretion, action, and receptors
- 4.2Hypercalcaemia
- 4.3 Primary hyperparathyroidism
- 4.4 Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia
- 4.5 Hypocalcaemic disorders, hypoparathyroidism, and pseudohypoparathyroidism
- 4.6 Hypercalcaemic and hypocalcaemic syndromes in children
- 4.7 Osteoporosis
- 4.8 Thyroid disorders and bone disease
- 4.9 Paget’s disease of bone
- 4.10 Rickets and osteomalacia (acquired and heritable forms) and skeletal dysplasias
- 4.11 Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis
- Part 5 The adrenal gland and endocrine hypertension
- Part 6 Neuroendocrine tumours and genetic disorders
- Part 7 Growth and development during childhood
- Part 8 Female endocrinology and pregnancy
- Part 9 Male hypogonadism and infertility
- Part 10 Endocrinology of ageing and systemic disease
- Part 11 Endocrinology of cancer
- Part 12 Obesity, lipids, and metabolic disorders
- Part 13 Diabetes mellitus
(p. 712) Thyroid disorders and bone disease
- Chapter:
- (p. 712) Thyroid disorders and bone disease
- Author(s):
Moira S. Cheung
, Apostolos I. Gogakos
, J.H. Duncan Bassett
, and Graham R. Williams
- DOI:
- 10.1093/med/9780199235292.003.0465
Osteoporosis is defined as a bone mineral density (BMD) of 2.5 or more standard deviations below that of a young adult (T score ≤ −2.5). It is characterized by reduced bone mass, low BMD, deterioration of bone microarchitecture, and an increased susceptibility to fragility fracture. The prevalence of postmenopausal osteoporosis increases with age from 6% at 50 years of age to over 50% at age 80 and the lifetime incidence of fracture for a 50 year old in the UK is 40% for women and 13% for men. Osteoporosis is a worldwide public health burden that costs an estimated £1.7 billion in the UK, $15 billion in the USA, and £32 billion in Europe per annum (see Chapter 4.7).
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- Part 1 Principles of international endocrine practice
- Part 2 Pituitary and hypothalamic diseases
- Part 3 The thyroid
- Part 4 Parathyroid, calcium, and bone metabolism
- 4.1 Parathyroid anatomy, hormone synthesis, secretion, action, and receptors
- 4.2Hypercalcaemia
- 4.3 Primary hyperparathyroidism
- 4.4 Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia
- 4.5 Hypocalcaemic disorders, hypoparathyroidism, and pseudohypoparathyroidism
- 4.6 Hypercalcaemic and hypocalcaemic syndromes in children
- 4.7 Osteoporosis
- 4.8 Thyroid disorders and bone disease
- 4.9 Paget’s disease of bone
- 4.10 Rickets and osteomalacia (acquired and heritable forms) and skeletal dysplasias
- 4.11 Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis
- Part 5 The adrenal gland and endocrine hypertension
- Part 6 Neuroendocrine tumours and genetic disorders
- Part 7 Growth and development during childhood
- Part 8 Female endocrinology and pregnancy
- Part 9 Male hypogonadism and infertility
- Part 10 Endocrinology of ageing and systemic disease
- Part 11 Endocrinology of cancer
- Part 12 Obesity, lipids, and metabolic disorders
- Part 13 Diabetes mellitus
