- 1 On being a patient
- 2 Modern medicine: foundations, achievements, and limitations
- 3 Global patterns of disease and medical practice
- 4 Cell biology
- 5 Immunological mechanisms
- 6 Principles of clinical oncology
- 7 Infection
- 8 Sexually transmitted diseases and sexual health
- 9 Chemical and physical injuries and environmental factors and disease
- 10 Clinical pharmacology
- 11 Nutrition
- 12 Metabolic disorders
- 13 Endocrine disorders
- 14 Medical disorders in pregnancy
- 15 Gastroenterological disorders
- 16 Cardiovascular disorders
- 17 Critical care medicine
- 18 Respiratory disorders
- 19 Rheumatological disorders
- 20 Disorders of the skeleton
- 21 Disorders of the kidney and urinary tract
- 22 Disorders of the blood
- 23 Disorders of the skin
- 24 Neurological disorders
- 24.1 Introduction and approach to the patient with neurological disease
- 24.2 Mind and brain: building bridges linking neurology, psychiatry, and psychology
- 24.3 Clinical investigation of neurological disease
- 24.4 Higher cerebral function
- 24.5 Epilepsy and disorders of consciousness
- 24.6 Disorders of the special senses
- 24.6.1 Visual pathways
- 24.6.2 Eye movements and balance
- 24.6.3 Hearing
- 24.7 Disorders of movement
- 24.8 Headache
- 24.9 Brainstem syndromes
- 24.10 Specific conditions affecting the central nervous system
- 24.11 Infections of the central nervous system
- 24.12 Disorders of cranial nerves
- 24.13 Disorders of the spinal cord
- 24.14 Diseases of the autonomic nervous system
- 24.15 The motor neuron diseases
- 24.16 Diseases of the peripheral nerves
- 24.17 Inherited neurodegenerative diseases
- 24.18 Developmental abnormalities of the central nervous system
- 24.19 Acquired metabolic disorders and the nervous system
- 24.20 Neurological complications of systemic disease
- 24.21 Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes
- 24.22 Autoimmune limbic encephalitis and Morvan’s syndrome
- 24.23 Disorders of the neuromuscular junction
- 24.24 Disorders of muscle
- 25 The eye
- 26 Psychiatry and drug related problems
- 27 Forensic medicine
- 28 Sports medicine
- 29 Geratology
- 30 Pain
- 31 Palliative medicine
- 32 Biochemistry in medicine
- 33 Acute medicine
(p. 4851) Visual pathways
- Chapter:
- (p. 4851) Visual pathways
- Author(s):
Christopher Kennard
and Sara Ajina
- DOI:
- 10.1093/med/9780199204854.003.240601_update_002
Update:
Minor updates to sections on optic nerve hypoplasia, nonarteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy, arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy, and optic neuritis
Visual disturbances may be caused by diseases of the optic disc, optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, lateral geniculate nucleus, optic radiations, and occipital lobe of the brain, as well as other brain areas involved in complex visual processing.
Diagnosis of disturbances of the visual pathways requires both knowledge of their anatomy and physiology, and the ability to carry out a thorough neuro-ophthalmological examination which should enable (1) documentation of the character and extent of the visual disturbance, and (2) topographic localization of the lesion, so that the relevant investigative techniques, such as radiological imaging, can be appropriately requested....
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- 1 On being a patient
- 2 Modern medicine: foundations, achievements, and limitations
- 3 Global patterns of disease and medical practice
- 4 Cell biology
- 5 Immunological mechanisms
- 6 Principles of clinical oncology
- 7 Infection
- 8 Sexually transmitted diseases and sexual health
- 9 Chemical and physical injuries and environmental factors and disease
- 10 Clinical pharmacology
- 11 Nutrition
- 12 Metabolic disorders
- 13 Endocrine disorders
- 14 Medical disorders in pregnancy
- 15 Gastroenterological disorders
- 16 Cardiovascular disorders
- 17 Critical care medicine
- 18 Respiratory disorders
- 19 Rheumatological disorders
- 20 Disorders of the skeleton
- 21 Disorders of the kidney and urinary tract
- 22 Disorders of the blood
- 23 Disorders of the skin
- 24 Neurological disorders
- 24.1 Introduction and approach to the patient with neurological disease
- 24.2 Mind and brain: building bridges linking neurology, psychiatry, and psychology
- 24.3 Clinical investigation of neurological disease
- 24.4 Higher cerebral function
- 24.5 Epilepsy and disorders of consciousness
- 24.6 Disorders of the special senses
- 24.6.1 Visual pathways
- 24.6.2 Eye movements and balance
- 24.6.3 Hearing
- 24.7 Disorders of movement
- 24.8 Headache
- 24.9 Brainstem syndromes
- 24.10 Specific conditions affecting the central nervous system
- 24.11 Infections of the central nervous system
- 24.12 Disorders of cranial nerves
- 24.13 Disorders of the spinal cord
- 24.14 Diseases of the autonomic nervous system
- 24.15 The motor neuron diseases
- 24.16 Diseases of the peripheral nerves
- 24.17 Inherited neurodegenerative diseases
- 24.18 Developmental abnormalities of the central nervous system
- 24.19 Acquired metabolic disorders and the nervous system
- 24.20 Neurological complications of systemic disease
- 24.21 Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes
- 24.22 Autoimmune limbic encephalitis and Morvan’s syndrome
- 24.23 Disorders of the neuromuscular junction
- 24.24 Disorders of muscle
- 25 The eye
- 26 Psychiatry and drug related problems
- 27 Forensic medicine
- 28 Sports medicine
- 29 Geratology
- 30 Pain
- 31 Palliative medicine
- 32 Biochemistry in medicine
- 33 Acute medicine