- 1 On being a patient
- 2 Modern medicine: foundations, achievements, and limitations
- 3 Global patterns of disease and medical practice
- 4 Cell biology
- 5 Immunological mechanisms
- 6 Principles of clinical oncology
- 7 Infection
- 7.1 Pathogenic microorganisms and the host
- 7.2 The patient with suspected infection
- 7.3 Immunization
- 7.4 Travel and expedition medicine
- 7.5 Viruses
- 7.5.1 Respiratory tract viruses
- 7.5.2 Herpesviruses (excluding Epstein–Barr virus)
- 7.5.3 Epstein–Barr virus
- 7.5.4 Poxviruses
- 7.5.5 Mumps: epidemic parotitis
- 7.5.6 Measles
- 7.5.7 Nipah and Hendra virus encephalitides
- 7.5.8 Enterovirus infections
- 7.5.9 Virus infections causing diarrhoea and vomiting
- 7.5.10 Rhabdoviruses: rabies and rabies-related lyssaviruses
- 7.5.11 Colorado tick fever and other arthropod-borne reoviruses
- 7.5.12 Alphaviruses
- 7.5.13 Rubella
- 7.5.14 Flaviviruses excluding dengue
- 7.5.15 Dengue
- 7.5.16 Bunyaviridae
- 7.5.17 Arenaviruses
- 7.5.18 Filoviruses
- 7.5.19 Papillomaviruses and polyomaviruses
- 7.5.20 Parvovirus B19
- 7.5.21 Hepatitis viruses (excluding hepatitis C virus)
- 7.5.22 Hepatitis C
- 7.5.23 HIV/AIDS
- 7.5.24 HIV in the developing world
- 7.5.25 HTLV-1, HTLV-2, and associated diseases
- 7.5.26 Viruses and cancer
- 7.5.27 Orf
- 7.5.28 Molluscum contagiosum
- 7.5.29 Newly discovered viruses
- 7.6 Bacteria
- 7.7 Fungi (mycoses)
- 7.8 Protozoa
- 7.9 Nematodes (roundworms)
- 7.10 Cestodes (tapeworms)
- 7.11 Trematodes (flukes)
- 7.12 Nonvenomous arthropods
- 7.13 Pentastomiasis (porocephalosis, linguatulosis/linguatuliasis)
- 8 Sexually transmitted diseases and sexual health
- 9 Chemical and physical injuries and environmental factors and disease
- 10 Clinical pharmacology
- 11 Nutrition
- 12 Metabolic disorders
- 13 Endocrine disorders
- 14 Medical disorders in pregnancy
- 15 Gastroenterological disorders
- 16 Cardiovascular disorders
- 17 Critical care medicine
- 18 Respiratory disorders
- 19 Rheumatological disorders
- 20 Disorders of the skeleton
- 21 Disorders of the kidney and urinary tract
- 22 Disorders of the blood
- 23 Disorders of the skin
- 24 Neurological disorders
- 25 The eye
- 26 Psychiatry and drug related problems
- 27 Forensic medicine
- 28 Sports medicine
- 29 Geratology
- 30 Pain
- 31 Palliative medicine
- 32 Biochemistry in medicine
- 33 Acute medicine
(p. 650) HTLV-1, HTLV-2, and associated diseases
- Chapter:
- (p. 650) HTLV-1, HTLV-2, and associated diseases
- Author(s):
Kristien Verdonck
and Eduardo Gotuzzo
- DOI:
- 10.1093/med/9780199204854.003.070525_update_001
Update:
More emphasis on infectious complications of HTLV-1; additional detail of occurrence and disease outcomes of HTLV-2.
Addition of recent information on HTLV-1 receptor, virological synapse, the regulatory protein HBZ, and FoxP3+CD4+ T cells.
Discussion on reliability of prevalence estimates.
Particle agglutination tests have gone out of use and are no longer mentioned.
The proposal of a fifth category of ATL has not been adopted widely and is no longer mentioned.
Addition of bronchiectasis to table.
Addition of potential treatment strategies proposed in the literature.
Enhanced discussion of infectious complications and non-HAM/TSP inflammatory conditions.
More detail on HTLV-2 disease outcomes.
Recent references have been added.
Human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV)-1 and HTLV-2 belong to the genus Deltaretrovirus of the family Retroviridae. They only infect humans, produce a lifelong infection, and can be transmitted from mother to child, through sexual intercourse, and via cellular blood components. Both viruses are present in all continents. The highest HTLV-1 prevalence in the general population (10%) has been found in southern Japan. There are endemic foci of HTLV-2 among native Amerindians and Central African pygmy tribes. HTLV-2 is also frequent among injecting drug users. It is unclear why some infected people develop associated diseases while others remain asymptomatic....
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- 1 On being a patient
- 2 Modern medicine: foundations, achievements, and limitations
- 3 Global patterns of disease and medical practice
- 4 Cell biology
- 5 Immunological mechanisms
- 6 Principles of clinical oncology
- 7 Infection
- 7.1 Pathogenic microorganisms and the host
- 7.2 The patient with suspected infection
- 7.3 Immunization
- 7.4 Travel and expedition medicine
- 7.5 Viruses
- 7.5.1 Respiratory tract viruses
- 7.5.2 Herpesviruses (excluding Epstein–Barr virus)
- 7.5.3 Epstein–Barr virus
- 7.5.4 Poxviruses
- 7.5.5 Mumps: epidemic parotitis
- 7.5.6 Measles
- 7.5.7 Nipah and Hendra virus encephalitides
- 7.5.8 Enterovirus infections
- 7.5.9 Virus infections causing diarrhoea and vomiting
- 7.5.10 Rhabdoviruses: rabies and rabies-related lyssaviruses
- 7.5.11 Colorado tick fever and other arthropod-borne reoviruses
- 7.5.12 Alphaviruses
- 7.5.13 Rubella
- 7.5.14 Flaviviruses excluding dengue
- 7.5.15 Dengue
- 7.5.16 Bunyaviridae
- 7.5.17 Arenaviruses
- 7.5.18 Filoviruses
- 7.5.19 Papillomaviruses and polyomaviruses
- 7.5.20 Parvovirus B19
- 7.5.21 Hepatitis viruses (excluding hepatitis C virus)
- 7.5.22 Hepatitis C
- 7.5.23 HIV/AIDS
- 7.5.24 HIV in the developing world
- 7.5.25 HTLV-1, HTLV-2, and associated diseases
- 7.5.26 Viruses and cancer
- 7.5.27 Orf
- 7.5.28 Molluscum contagiosum
- 7.5.29 Newly discovered viruses
- 7.6 Bacteria
- 7.7 Fungi (mycoses)
- 7.8 Protozoa
- 7.9 Nematodes (roundworms)
- 7.10 Cestodes (tapeworms)
- 7.11 Trematodes (flukes)
- 7.12 Nonvenomous arthropods
- 7.13 Pentastomiasis (porocephalosis, linguatulosis/linguatuliasis)
- 8 Sexually transmitted diseases and sexual health
- 9 Chemical and physical injuries and environmental factors and disease
- 10 Clinical pharmacology
- 11 Nutrition
- 12 Metabolic disorders
- 13 Endocrine disorders
- 14 Medical disorders in pregnancy
- 15 Gastroenterological disorders
- 16 Cardiovascular disorders
- 17 Critical care medicine
- 18 Respiratory disorders
- 19 Rheumatological disorders
- 20 Disorders of the skeleton
- 21 Disorders of the kidney and urinary tract
- 22 Disorders of the blood
- 23 Disorders of the skin
- 24 Neurological disorders
- 25 The eye
- 26 Psychiatry and drug related problems
- 27 Forensic medicine
- 28 Sports medicine
- 29 Geratology
- 30 Pain
- 31 Palliative medicine
- 32 Biochemistry in medicine
- 33 Acute medicine