Epidemic of Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes: Explaining the Phenomenon in South Asians Worldwide

Raj S. Bhopal

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Epidemic of Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes: Explaining the Phenomenon in South Asians Worldwide

Raj S. Bhopal

Abstract

Coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke, collectively cardiovascular disease (CVD), are caused by narrowing and blockage of the arteries supplying the heart and brain, respectively. In type 2 diabetes (DM₂) insulin is insufficient to maintain normal blood glucose. South Asians have high susceptibility to these diseases. Drawing upon the scientific literature and discussions with 22 internationally recognized scholars, this book focuses on causal explanations and their implications for prevention and research. Genetically based hypotheses are considered together with the developmental origins of health and disease (DOHAD) family of hypotheses. The book then considers how CHD, stroke, and DM₂ are closely linked to rising affluence and the accompanying changes in life-expectancy and lifestyles. The established causal factors are shown to be insufficient, though necessary, parts of a convincing explanation for the excess of DM₂ and CVD in South Asians. In identifying new explanations, this book emphasizes glycation of tissues, possibly leading to arterial stiffness and microcirculatory damage. In addition to endothelial pathways to atherosclerosis an external (adventitial) one is proposed, i.e. microcirculatory damage to the network of arterioles that nourish the coronary arteries. In addition to the ectopic fat in their liver and pancreas as the cause of beta cell dysfunction leading to DM₂, additional ideas are proposed, i.e. microcirculatory damage. The high risk of CVD and DM₂ in urbanizing South Asians is not inevitable, innate or genetic, or acquired in early life and programmed in a fixed way. Rather, exposure to risk factors in childhood, adolescence, and most particularly in adulthood is the key. The challenge to produce focused, low cost, effective actions, underpinned by clear, simple, and accurate explanations of the causes of the phenomenon is addressed.

Bibliographic Information

Publisher:: Oxford University Press

Print Publication Date:: Feb 2019

Print ISBN-13:: 9780198833246

Published online:: Mar 2019

DOI:: 10.1093/med/9780198833246.001.0001

Author

Raj S. Bhopal, author The University of Edinburgh; and NHS Lothian Health Board

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Oxford University Press makes no representation, express or implied, that the drug dosages in this book are correct. Readers must therefore always check the product information and clinical procedures with the most up to date published product information and data sheets provided by the manufacturers and the most recent codes of conduct and safety regulations. The authors and the publishers do not accept responsibility or legal liability for any errors in the text or for the misuse or misapplication of material in this work. Except where otherwise stated, drug dosages and recommendations are for the non-pregnant adult who is not breastfeeding.

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date: 02 December 2020

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Epidemic of Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes: Explaining the Phenomenon in South Asians Worldwide

Raj S. Bhopal

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Epidemic of Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes: Explaining the Phenomenon in South Asians Worldwide

Raj S. Bhopal

Abstract

Bibliographic Information

Author

Contents