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Infection-associated nephropathies 

Infection-associated nephropathies
Chapter:
Infection-associated nephropathies
Author(s):

A. Neil Turner

DOI:
10.1093/med/9780198746690.003.0498
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date: 25 February 2021

Infection may be a primary cause of renal disease (e.g. postinfectious glomerulonephritis) or affect the kidneys on a background of debilitating illnesses and previous medical interventions. Renal disease may arise as a consequence of immune responses to a pathogen, direct invasion by the microorganism, or the effects of infection on the systemic or local circulations. Glomerulonephritis—associated with chronic and acute bacterial infections. Shunt nephritis follows colonization of a ventriculoatrial shunt, most commonly with Staphylococcus epidermidis, leading to constitutional symptoms, an acute inflammatory response, and (most characteristically) a type 1 mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis. Infective endocarditis and other deep-seated bacterial infections may produce a similar renal picture, but they can mimic vasculitic syndromes and outcome is dependent on the response of the infection to treatment. Interstitial nephritis—bacteria that can cause this include leptospira (Weil’s disease), Rickettsia rickettsii (Rocky Mountain spotted fever), legionella, and mycobacteria. Viral infections include hantaviruses (haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and nephropathia epidemica) and, almost exclusively following renal transplantation, cytomegalovirus and polyomavirus hominis type 1 (BK) virus. HIV-associated renal disorders—these include HIV nephropathy, which is a focal segmental glomerulosclerosis of ‘collapsing’ form, occurring almost exclusively in black patients. Other morphologies are more common in other races, but interstitial disease is also common as a manifestation of infection or of drug toxicity. Hepatitis B virus—chronic infection is strongly associated with membranous nephropathy; affected individuals are HBeAg and HBsAg positive, usually with coexistent hepatitis; seroconversion from HBeAg positive to HBeAb positive (naturally or induced by treatment) is associated with remission of the renal lesion. Hepatitis C virus—chronic infection is the commonest cause of mixed essential (type II) cryoglobulinaemia in most populations.

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