Oxford Textbook of Medicine

Oxford Textbook of Medicine (6 edn)

Edited by John Firth, Christopher Conlon, and Timothy Cox

Previous Edition (5 ed.)

Abstract

The Oxford Textbook of Medicine is published online and has been regularly updated for many years, but the production of a new and very substantially updated edition provides a moment when it is natural and proper to reflect on what has changed in Medicine—and what has not—in recent years. The sixth edition of the textbook considers exactly what modern medicine has to offer patients and their doctors. Advances in biomedical sciences, the broader context of health and disease, patients and their expectations, and access to medical knowledge are some of the key areas examined in detail among the 30 sections of the book. Sections include introductory sections on patients and their treatment, background to medicine, cell biology, and immunological mechanisms, as well as more subject-specific sections such as infectious diseases, neurological disorders, cardiovascular disorders, rheumatology, and the kidney, as well as many more.

Bibliographic Information

Publisher:: Oxford University Press

Print Publication Date:: Mar 2020

Print ISBN-13:: 9780198746690

Published online:: Jan 2020

DOI:: 10.1093/med/9780198746690.001.0001

Authors

John Firth, editor Consultant Physician and Nephrologist, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge

Christopher Conlon, editor Consultant Physician in Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Professor of Infectious Diseases, University of Oxford, Oxford

Timothy Cox, editor Professor of Medicine, University of Cambridge, School of Clinican Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge

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Oxford University Press makes no representation, express or implied, that the drug dosages in this book are correct. Readers must therefore always check the product information and clinical procedures with the most up to date published product information and data sheets provided by the manufacturers and the most recent codes of conduct and safety regulations. The authors and the publishers do not accept responsibility or legal liability for any errors in the text or for the misuse or misapplication of material in this work. Except where otherwise stated, drug dosages and recommendations are for the non-pregnant adult who is not breastfeeding.

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Front Matter
- Foreword
- Preface
- Section editors
- Abbreviations
- Contributors
- Amendments and Updates
Section 1 Patients and their treatmentEdited by Section editors: John D. Firth, Christopher P. Conlon, and Timothy M. Cox
- 1.1 On being a patientChristopher Booth
- 1.2 A young person’s experience of chronic diseaseAnonymous
- 1.3 What patients wish you understoodRosamund Snow
- 1.4 Why do patients attend and what do they want from the consultation?Des Spence
- 1.5 Medical ethicsMike Parker, Mehrunisha Suleman, and Tony Hope
- 1.6 Clinical decision-makingTimothy E.A. Peto and Philippa Peto
Section 2 Background to medicineEdited by Section editors: John D. Firth, Christopher P. Conlon, and Timothy M. Cox
- 2.1 Science in medicine: When, how, and whatWilliam F. Bynum
- 2.2 Evolution: Medicine’s most basic scienceRandolph M. Nesse and Richard Dawkins
- 2.3 The Global Burden of Disease: Measuring the health of populationsTheo Vos, Alan Lopez, and Christopher Murray
- 2.4 Large-scale randomized evidence: Trials and meta-analyses of trialsColin Baigent, Richard Peto, Richard Gray, Natalie Staplin, Sarah Parish, and Rory Collins
- 2.5 BioinformaticsAfzal Chaudhry
- 2.6 Principles of clinical pharmacology and drug therapyKevin O’Shaughnessy
- 2.7 Biological therapies for immune, inflammatory, and allergic diseasesJohn D. Isaacs and Nishanthi Thalayasingam
- 2.8 Traditional medicine exemplified by traditional Chinese medicineFulong Liao, Tingliang Jiang, and Youyou Tu
- 2.9 Engaging patients in therapeutic developmentEmil Kakkis and Max Bronstein
- 2.10 Medicine quality, physicians, and patientsPaul N. Newton
- 2.11 Preventive medicineDavid Mant
- 2.12 Medical screeningNicholas Wald and Malcolm Law
- 2.13 Health promotion Evelyne de Leeuw
- 2.14 Deprivation and healthHarry Burns
- 2.15 How much should rich countries’ governments spend on healthcare?Allyson M. Pollock and David Price
- 2.16 Financing healthcare in low-income developing countries: A challenge for equity in healthLuis G. Sambo, Jorge Simões, and Maria do Rosario O. Martins
- 2.17 Research in the developed world (a view from the Wellcome Trust)Jeremy Farrar
- 2.18 Fostering medical and health research in resource-constrained countriesMalegapuru W. Makgoba and Stephen M. Tollman
- 2.19 Regulation versus innovation in medicineMichael Rawlins
- 2.20 Human disasters Amartya Sen
- 2.21 Humanitarian medicineAmy S. Kravitz
- 2.22 Complementary and alternative medicineEdzard Ernst
Section 3 Cell biologyEdited by Section editors: John D. Firth, Christopher P. Conlon, and Timothy M. Cox
- 3.1 The cellGeorge Banting and J. Paul Luzio
- 3.2 The genomic basis of medicinePaweł Stankiewicz and James R. Lupski
- 3.3 CytokinesIain B. McInnes
- 3.4 Ion channels and diseaseFrances Ashcroft and Paolo Tammaro
- 3.5 Intracellular signallingR. Andres Floto
- 3.6 Apoptosis in health and diseaseMark J. Arends and Christopher D. Gregory
- 3.7 Stem cells and regenerative medicineAlexis J. Joannides, Bhuvaneish T. Selvaraj, and Siddharthan Chandran
- 3.8 The evolution of therapeutic antibodiesHerman Waldmann and Greg Winter
- 3.9 Circulating DNA for molecular diagnosticsY.M. Dennis Lo and Rossa W.K. Chiu
Section 4 Immunological mechanismsEdited by Section editors: John D. Firth, Christopher P. Conlon, and Timothy M. Cox
- 4.1 The innate immune systemPaul Bowness
- 4.2 The complement systemMarina Botto and Matthew C. Pickering
- 4.3 Adaptive immunityPaul Klenerman and Constantino López-Macias
- 4.4 ImmunodeficiencySophie Hambleton, Sara Marshall, and Dinakantha S. Kumararatne
- 4.5 AllergyPamela Ewan
- 4.6 AutoimmunityAntony Rosen
- 4.7 Principles of transplantation immunologyElizabeth Wallin and Kathryn J. Wood
Section 5 Principles of clinical oncologyEdited by Section editor: Tim Eisen
- 5.1 Epidemiology of cancerAnthony Swerdlow and Richard Peto
- 5.2 The nature and development of cancer: Cancer mutations and their implicationsJames D. Brenton and Tim Eisen
- 5.3 The genetics of inherited cancersRosalind A. Eeles
- 5.4 Cancer immunity and immunotherapy Charles G. Drake
- 5.5 Clinical features and managementTim Eisen and Martin Gore
- 5.6 Systemic treatment and radiotherapyRajesh Jena and Peter Harper
- 5.7 Medical management of breast cancerTim Crook, Su Li, and Peter Harper
Section 6 Old age medicineEdited by Section editor: Finbarr C. Martin
- 6.1 Ageing and clinical medicineClaire Steves and Neil Pendleton
- 6.2 Frailty and sarcopeniaAndrew Clegg and Harnish Patel
- 6.3 Optimizing well-being into old ageSteve Iliffe
- 6.4 Older people and urgent careSimon Conroy and Jay Banerjee
- 6.5 Older people in hospitalGraham Ellis, Alasdair MacLullich, and Rowan Harwood
- 6.6 Supporting older peoples’ care in surgical and oncological servicesJugdeep Dhesi and Judith Partridge
- 6.7 Drugs and prescribing in the older patientMiles Witham, Jacob George, and Denis O’Mahony
- 6.8 Falls, faints, and fragility fracturesFiona Kearney and Tahir Masud
- 6.9 Bladder and bowelsSusie Orme and Danielle Harari
- 6.10 Neurodegenerative disorders in older peopleJohn Hindle
- 6.11 Promotion of dignity in the life and death of older patientsEileen Burns and Claire Scampion
Section 7 Pain and palliative careEdited by Section editor: Bee Wee
- 7.1 Introduction to palliative careSusan Salt
- 7.2 Pain managementMarie Fallon
- 7.3 Symptoms other than painRegina McQuillan
- 7.4 Care of the dying personSuzanne Kite and Adam Hurlow
Section 8 Infectious diseasesEdited by Section editor: Christopher P. Conlon
- 8.1 Pathogenic microorganisms and the host
  - 8.1.1 Biology of pathogenic microorganismsDuncan J. Maskell and James L.N. Wood
  - 8.1.2 Clinical features and general management of patients with severe infectionsPeter Watkinson and Duncan Young
- 8.2 The patient with suspected infection
  - 8.2.1 Clinical approach Christopher J. Ellis
  - 8.2.2 Fever of unknown originSteven Vanderschueren
  - 8.2.3 Nosocomial infectionsIan C.J.W. Bowler and Matthew Scarborough
  - 8.2.4 Infection in the immunocompromised hostJon Cohen and Elham Khatamzas
  - 8.2.5 Antimicrobial chemotherapyMaha Albur, Alasdair MacGowan, and Roger G. Finch
- 8.3 ImmunizationDavid Goldblatt and Mary Ramsay
- 8.4 Travel and expedition medicineSusanna Dunachie and Christopher P. Conlon
- 8.5 Viruses
  - 8.5.1 Respiratory tract virusesMalik Peiris
  - 8.5.2 Herpesviruses (excluding Epstein–Barr virus)J.G.P. Sissons
  - 8.5.3 Epstein–Barr virusAlan B. Rickinson and M.A. Epstein
  - 8.5.4 PoxvirusesGeoffrey L. Smith
  - 8.5.5 Mumps: Epidemic parotitisB.K. Rima
  - 8.5.6 MeaslesHilton C. Whittle and Peter Aaby
  - 8.5.7 Nipah and Hendra virus encephalitidesC.T. Tan
  - 8.5.8 Enterovirus infectionsPhilip Minor and Ulrich Desselberger
  - 8.5.9 Virus infections causing diarrhoea and vomitingPhilip R. Dormitzer and Ulrich Desselberger
  - 8.5.10 Rhabdoviruses: Rabies and rabies-related lyssavirusesMary J. Warrell and David A. Warrell
  - 8.5.11 Colorado tick fever and other arthropod-borne reovirusesMary J. Warrell and David A. Warrell
  - 8.5.12 AlphavirusesAnn M. Powers, E.E. Ooi, L.R. Petersen, and D.J. Gubler
  - 8.5.13 RubellaPat Tookey and J.M. Best
  - 8.5.14 Flaviviruses excluding dengueShannan Lee Rossi and Nikos Vasilakis
  - 8.5.15 DengueBridget Wills and Yee-Sin Leo
  - 8.5.16 BunyaviridaeJames W. Le Duc and D.A. Bente
  - 8.5.17 ArenavirusesJan H. ter Meulen
  - 8.5.18 FilovirusesJan H. ter Meulen
  - 8.5.19 Papillomaviruses and polyomavirusesRaphael P. Viscidi, Chen Sabrina Tan, and Carole Fakhry
  - 8.5.20 Parvovirus B19Kevin E. Brown
  - 8.5.21 Hepatitis viruses (excluding hepatitis C virus)Matthew Cramp, Ashwin Dhanda, and Nikolai V. Naoumov
  - 8.5.22 Hepatitis C virusPaul Klenerman, Katie J.M. Jeffery, Ellie J. Barnes, and Jane Collier
  - 8.5.23 HIV/AIDS Sarah Fidler, Timothy E.A. Peto, Philip Goulder, and Christopher P. Conlon
  - 8.5.24 HIV in low- and middle-income countriesAlison D. Grant and Kevin M. De Cock
  - 8.5.25 HTLV-1, HTLV-2, and associated diseasesKristien Verdonck and Eduardo Gotuzzo
  - 8.5.26 Viruses and cancerRobin A. Weiss
  - 8.5.27 Orf and Milker’s noduleEmma Aarons and David A. Warrell
  - 8.5.28 Molluscum contagiosumDavid A. Warrell and Christopher P. Conlon
  - 8.5.29 Newly discovered virusesSusannah J.A. Froude and Harriet C. Hughes
  - 8.5.30 COVID-19 Disease Christopher P. Conlon and John D. Firth
- 8.6 Bacteria
  - 8.6.1 DiphtheriaDelia B. Bethell and Tran Tinh Hien
  - 8.6.2 Streptococci and enterococciDennis L. Stevens and Sarah Hobdey
  - 8.6.3 Pneumococcal infectionsAnthony Scott
  - 8.6.4 StaphylococciKyle J. Popovich, Robert A. Weinstein, and Bala Hota
  - 8.6.5 Meningococcal infectionsPetter Brandtzaeg
  - 8.6.6 Neisseria gonorrhoeaeJackie Sherrard and Magnus Unemo
  - 8.6.7 Enterobacteria and bacterial food poisoningHugh Pennington
  - 8.6.8 Pseudomonas aeruginosaG.C.K.W. Koh and Sharon J. Peacock
  - 8.6.9 Typhoid and paratyphoid feversChristopher M. Parry and Buddha Basnyat
  - 8.6.10 Intracellular klebsiella infections (donovanosis and rhinoscleroma)John Richens and Nicole Stoesser
  - 8.6.11 Anaerobic bacteriaAnilrudh A. Venugopal and David W. Hecht
  - 8.6.12 CholeraAldo A.M. Lima and Richard L. Guerrant
  - 8.6.13 Haemophilus influenzaeEsther Robinson
  - 8.6.14 Haemophilus ducreyi and chancroidNigel O’Farrell
  - 8.6.15 Bordetella infectionCameron C. Grant
  - 8.6.16 Melioidosis and glandersSharon J. Peacock
  - 8.6.17 Plague: Yersinia pestisMichael Prentice
  - 8.6.18 Other Yersinia infections: YersiniosisMichael Prentice
  - 8.6.19 PasteurellaMarina S. Morgan
  - 8.6.20 Francisella tularensis infectionPetra C.F. Oyston
  - 8.6.21 AnthraxArthur E. Brown
  - 8.6.22 BrucellosisJuan D. Colmenero and Pilar Morata
  - 8.6.23 TetanusC. Louise Thwaites and Lam Minh Yen
  - 8.6.24 Clostridium difficileDavid W. Eyre and Mark H. Wilcox
  - 8.6.25 Botulism, gas gangrene, and clostridial gastrointestinal infectionsDennis L. Stevens, Michael J. Aldape, and Amy E. Bryant
  - 8.6.26 TuberculosisRichard E. Chaisson and Jean B. Nachega
  - 8.6.27 Disease caused by environmental mycobacteriaJakko van Ingen
  - 8.6.28 Leprosy (Hansen’s disease)Diana N.J. Lockwood
  - 8.6.29 Buruli ulcer: Mycobacterium ulcerans infectionBouke de Jong, Françoise Portaels, and Wayne M. Meyers
  - 8.6.30 ActinomycosesKlaus P. Schaal
  - 8.6.31 NocardiosisRoderick J. Hay
  - 8.6.32 Rat bite fevers (Streptobacillus moniliformis and Spirillum minus infection)Andrew F. Woodhouse
  - 8.6.33 Lyme borreliosisGary P. Wormser, John Nowakowski, and Robert B. Nadelman
  - 8.6.34 Relapsing feversDavid A. Warrell
  - 8.6.35 LeptospirosisNicholas P.J. Day
  - 8.6.36 Nonvenereal endemic treponematoses: Yaws, endemic syphilis (bejel), and pintaMichael Marks, Oriol Mitjà, and David Mabey
  - 8.6.37 SyphilisPhillip Read and Basil Donovan
  - 8.6.38 ListeriosisHerbert Hof
  - 8.6.39 Legionellosis and legionnaires’ diseaseDiego Viasus and Jordi Carratalà
  - 8.6.40 RickettsiosesKarolina Griffiths, Carole Eldin, Didier Raoult, and Philippe Parola
  - 8.6.41 Scrub typhusDaniel H. Paris and Nicholas P.J. Day
  - 8.6.42 Coxiella burnetii infections (Q fever)Thomas J. Marrie
  - 8.6.43 Bartonellas excluding B. bacilliformisBruno B. Chomel, Henri-Jean Boulouis, Matthew J. Stuckey, and Jean-Marc Rolain
  - 8.6.44 Bartonella bacilliformis infectionA. Llanos-Cuentas and C. Maguiña-Vargas
  - 8.6.45 Chlamydial infectionsPatrick Horner, David Mabey, David Taylor-Robinson, and Magnus Unemo
  - 8.6.46 MycoplasmasJørgen Skov Jensen and David Taylor-Robinson
  - 8.6.47 A checklist of bacteria associated with infection in humansJohn Paul
- 8.7 Fungi (mycoses)
  - 8.7.1 Fungal infectionsRoderick J. Hay
  - 8.7.2 CryptococcosisWilliam G. Powderly, J. William Campbell, and Larry J. Shapiro
  - 8.7.3 CoccidioidomycosisGregory M. Anstead
  - 8.7.4 ParacoccidioidomycosisM.A. Shikanai-Yasuda
  - 8.7.5 Pneumocystis jiroveciiRobert F. Miller and Christopher P. Eades
  - 8.7.6 Talaromyces (Penicillium) marneffei infectionRomanee Chaiwarith, Khuanchai Supparatpinyo, and Thira Sirisanthana
  - 8.7.7 MicrosporidiosisLouis M. Weiss
- 8.8 Protozoa
  - 8.8.1 Amoebic infectionsRichard Knight
  - 8.8.2 MalariaNicholas J. White and Arjen M. Dondorp
  - 8.8.3 BabesiosisPhilippe Brasseur
  - 8.8.4 ToxoplasmosisOliver Liesenfeld and Eskild Petersen
  - 8.8.5 Cryptosporidium and cryptosporidiosisSimone M. Cacciò
  - 8.8.6 Cyclospora and cyclosporiasisPaul Kelly and Ralph Lainson
  - 8.8.7 CystoisosporiasisLouis M. Weiss
  - 8.8.8 Sarcocystosis (sarcosporidiosis)John E. Cooper
  - 8.8.9 Giardiasis and balantidiasisLars Eckmann and Martin F. Heyworth
  - 8.8.10 Blastocystis infectionRichard Knight
  - 8.8.11 Human African trypanosomiasisReto Brun and Johannes Blum
  - 8.8.12 Chagas diseaseMichael A. Miles
  - 8.8.13 LeishmaniasisAntony D.M. Bryceson and Diana N.J. Lockwood
  - 8.8.14 TrichomoniasisJane Schwebke
- 8.9 Nematodes (roundworms)
  - 8.9.1 Cutaneous filariasisGilbert Burnham
  - 8.9.2 Lymphatic filariasisRichard Knight
  - 8.9.3 Guinea worm disease (dracunculiasis)Richard Knight
  - 8.9.4 Strongyloidiasis, hookworm, and other gut strongyloid nematodesMichael Brown
  - 8.9.5 Gut and tissue nematode infections acquired by ingestionPeter L. Chiodini
  - 8.9.6 AngiostrongyliasisRichard Knight
- 8.10 Cestodes (tapeworms)
  - 8.10.1 Cestodes (tapeworms)Richard Knight
  - 8.10.2 Cystic hydatid disease (Echinococcus granulosus)Pedro L. Moro, Hector H. Garcia, and Armando E. Gonzalez
  - 8.10.3 CysticercosisHector H. Garcia and Robert H. Gilman
- 8.11 Trematodes (flukes)
  - 8.11.1 SchistosomiasisDavid Dunne and Birgitte Vennervald
  - 8.11.2 Liver fluke infectionsRoss H. Andrews, Narong Khuntikeo, Paiboon Sithithaworn, and Trevor N. Petney
  - 8.11.3 Lung flukes (paragonimiasis)Udomsak Silachamroon and Sirivan Vanijanonta
  - 8.11.4 Intestinal trematode infectionsAlastair McGregor
- 8.12 Nonvenomous arthropodsJohn Paul
- 8.13 Pentastomiasis (porocephalosis, linguatulosis/linguatuliasis, or tongue worm infection)David A. Warrell
Section 9 Sexually transmitted diseasesEdited by Section editor: Jackie Sherrard
- 9.1 Epidemiology of sexually transmitted infectionsDavid Mabey and Anita Vas-Falcao
- 9.2 Sexual behaviourCatherine H. Mercer and Anne M. Johnson
- 9.3 Sexual history and examinationGary Brook, Jackie Sherrard, and Graz A. Luzzi
- 9.4 Vaginal dischargePaul Nyirjesy
- 9.5 UrethritisPatrick Horner
- 9.6 Genital ulcerationPatrick French and Raj Patel
- 9.7 Anogenital lumps and bumpsHenry J.C. de Vries and Charles J.N. Lacey
- 9.8 Pelvic inflammatory diseaseJonathan D.C. Ross
- 9.9 Principles of contraceptionZara Haider
Section 10 Environmental medicine, occupational medicine, and poisoningEdited by Section editor: Jon G. Ayres
- 10.1 Environmental medicine, occupational medicine, and poisoning—IntroductionJon G. Ayres
- 10.2 Occupational health
  - 10.2.1 Occupational and environmental healthRaymond Agius and Debasish Sen
  - 10.2.2 Occupational safetyLawrence Waterman
  - 10.2.3 Aviation medicineMichael Bagshaw
  - 10.2.4 Diving medicineDavid M. Denison and Mark A. Glover
  - 10.2.5 NoiseDavid Koh and Tar-Ching Aw
  - 10.2.6 VibrationTar-Ching Aw
- 10.3 Environment and health
  - 10.3.1 Air pollution and healthOm P. Kurmi, Kin Bong Hubert Lam, and Jon G. Ayres
  - 10.3.2 HeatMichael A. Stroud
  - 10.3.3 ColdMichael A. Stroud
  - 10.3.4 DrowningPeter J. Fenner
  - 10.3.5 Lightning and electrical injuriesChris Andrews
  - 10.3.6 Diseases of high terrestrial altitudesTyler Albert, Erik R. Swenson, Andrew J. Pollard, Buddha Basnyat, and David R. Murdoch
  - 10.3.7 RadiationJill Meara
  - 10.3.8 Disasters: Earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, and volcanic eruptionsPeter J. Baxter
  - 10.3.9 BioterrorismManfred S. Green
- 10.4 Poisoning
  - 10.4.1 Poisoning by drugs and chemicalsJohn A. Vale, Sally M. Bradberry, and D. Nicholas Bateman
  - 10.4.2 Injuries, envenoming, poisoning, and allergic reactions caused by animalsDavid A. Warrell
  - 10.4.3 Poisonous fungiHans Persson and David A. Warrell
  - 10.4.4 Poisonous plantsMichael Eddleston and Hans Persson
- 10.5 Podoconiosis (nonfilarial elephantiasis)Gail Davey
Section 11 NutritionEdited by Section editor: Katherine Younger
- 11.1 Nutrition: Macronutrient metabolismKeith N. Frayn and Rhys D. Evans
- 11.2 VitaminsTom R. Hill and David A. Bender
- 11.3 Minerals and trace elementsKatherine Younger
- 11.4 Severe malnutritionAlan A. Jackson
- 11.5 Diseases of affluent societies and the need for dietary changeJ.I. Mann and A.S. Truswell
- 11.6 ObesityI. Sadaf Farooqi
- 11.7 Artificial nutrition supportJeremy Woodward
Section 12 Metabolic disordersEdited by Section editor: Timothy M. Cox
- 12.1 The inborn errors of metabolism: General aspectsTimothy M. Cox and Richard W.E. Watts
- 12.2 Protein-dependent inborn errors of metabolismGeorg F. Hoffmann and Stefan Kölker
- 12.3 Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism
  - 12.3.1 Glycogen storage diseasesRobin H. Lachmann and Timothy M. Cox
  - 12.3.2 Inborn errors of fructose metabolismTimothy M. Cox
  - 12.3.3 Disorders of galactose, pentose, and pyruvate metabolismTimothy M. Cox
- 12.4 Disorders of purine and pyrimidine metabolismAnthony M. Marinaki, Lynette D. Fairbanks, and Richard W.E. Watts
- 12.5 The porphyriasTimothy M. Cox
- 12.6 Lipid disordersJaimini Cegla and James Scott
- 12.7 Trace metal disorders
  - 12.7.1 Hereditary haemochromatosisWilliam J.H. Griffiths and Timothy M. Cox
  - 12.7.2 Inherited diseases of copper metabolism: Wilson’s disease and Menkes’ diseaseMichael L. Schilsky and Pramod K. Mistry
- 12.8 Lysosomal diseasePatrick B. Deegan and Timothy M. Cox
- 12.9 Disorders of peroxisomal metabolism in adultsAnthony S. Wierzbicki
- 12.10 Hereditary disorders of oxalate metabolism: The primary hyperoxaluriasSonia Fargue, Dawn S. Milliner, and Christopher J. Danpure
- 12.11 A physiological approach to acid–base disorders: The roles of ion transport and body fluid compartments Julian Seifter
- 12.12 The acute phase response, hereditary periodic fever syndromes, and amyloidosis
  - 12.12.1 The acute phase response and C-reactive proteinMark B. Pepys
  - 12.12.2 Hereditary periodic fever syndromesHelen J. Lachmann, Stefan Berg, and Philip N. Hawkins
  - 12.12.3 AmyloidosisMark B. Pepys and Philip N. Hawkins
- 12.13 α‎₁-Antitrypsin deficiency and the serpinopathiesDavid A. Lomas
Section 13 Endocrine disordersEdited by Section editor: Mark Gurnell
- 13.1 Principles of hormone actionRob Fowkes, V. Krishna Chatterjee, and Mark Gurnell
- 13.2 Pituitary disorders
  - 13.2.1 Disorders of the anterior pituitary glandNiki Karavitaki and John A.H. Wass
  - 13.2.2 Disorders of the posterior pituitary glandNiki Karavitaki, Shahzada K. Ahmed, and John A.H. Wass
- 13.3 Thyroid disorders
  - 13.3.1 The thyroid gland and disorders of thyroid functionAnthony P. Weetman and Kristien Boelaert
  - 13.3.2 Thyroid cancerKristien Boelaert and Anthony P. Weetman
- 13.4 Parathyroid disorders and diseases altering calcium metabolismR.V. Thakker
- 13.5 Adrenal disorders
  - 13.5.1 Disorders of the adrenal cortexMark Sherlock and Mark Gurnell
  - 13.5.2 Congenital adrenal hyperplasiaNils P. Krone and Ieuan A. Hughes
- 13.6 Reproductive disorders
  - 13.6.1 Ovarian disordersStephen Franks, Kate Hardy, and Lisa J. Webber
  - 13.6.2 Disorders of male reproduction and male hypogonadismP.-M.G. Bouloux
  - 13.6.3 Benign breast diseaseGael M. MacLean
  - 13.6.4 Sexual dysfunctionIan Eardley
- 13.7 Disorders of growth and development
  - 13.7.1 Normal growth and its disordersGary Butler
  - 13.7.2 Normal puberty and its disordersFiona Ryan and Sejal Patel
  - 13.7.3 Normal and abnormal sexual differentiationS. Faisal Ahmed and Angela K. Lucas-Herald
- 13.8 Pancreatic endocrine disorders and multiple endocrine neoplasiaB. Khoo, T.M. Tan, and S.R. Bloom
- 13.9 Diabetes and hypoglycaemia
  - 13.9.1 DiabetesColin Dayan and Julia Platts
  - 13.9.2 HypoglycaemiaMark Evans and Ben Challis
- 13.10 Hormonal manifestations of nonendocrine diseaseThomas M. Barber and John A.H. Wass
- 13.11 The pineal gland and melatoninJ. Arendt and Timothy M. Cox
Section 14 Medical disorders in pregnancyEdited by Section editor: Catherine Nelson-Piercy
- 14.1 Physiological changes of normal pregnancyDavid J. Williams
- 14.2 Nutrition in pregnancyDavid J. Williams
- 14.3 Medical management of normal pregnancyDavid J. Williams
- 14.4 Hypertension in pregnancyFergus McCarthy
- 14.5 Renal disease in pregnancyKate Wiles
- 14.6 Heart disease in pregnancyCatherine E.G. Head
- 14.7 Thrombosis in pregnancyPeter K. MacCallum and Louise Bowles
- 14.8 Chest diseases in pregnancyMeredith Pugh and Tina Hartert
- 14.9 Liver and gastrointestinal diseases of pregnancyMichael Heneghan and Catherine Williamson
- 14.10 Diabetes in pregnancyBryony Jones and Anne Dornhorst
- 14.11 Endocrine disease in pregnancyDavid Carty
- 14.12 Neurological conditions in pregnancyPooja Dassan
- 14.13 The skin in pregnancyGudula Kirtschig and Fenella Wojnarowska
- 14.14 Autoimmune rheumatic disorders and vasculitis in pregnancyMay Ching Soh and Catherine Nelson-Piercy
- 14.15 Maternal infection in pregnancyRosie Burton
- 14.16 Fetal effects of maternal infectionLawrence Impey
- 14.17 Blood disorders in pregnancyDavid J. Perry and Katharine Lowndes
- 14.18 Malignant disease in pregnancyRobin A.F. Crawford
- 14.19 Maternal critical careRupert Gauntlett
- 14.20 Prescribing in pregnancyLucy MacKillop and Charlotte Frise
- 14.21 Contraception for women with medical diseasesAarthi R. Mohan
Section 15 Gastroenterological disordersEdited by Section editor: Jack Satsangi
- 15.1 Structure and function of the gastrointestinal tractMichael E.B. FitzPatrick and Satish Keshav
- 15.2 Symptoms of gastrointestinal diseaseJeremy Woodward
- 15.3 Methods for investigation of gastroenterological disease
  - 15.3.1 Colonoscopy and flexible sigmoidoscopyJames E. East and Brian P. Saunders
  - 15.3.2 Upper gastrointestinal endoscopyJames E. East and George J. Webster
  - 15.3.3 Radiology of the gastrointestinal tractFiachra Moloney and Michael Maher
  - 15.3.4 Investigation of gastrointestinal functionJervoise Andreyev
- 15.4 Common acute abdominal presentations
  - 15.4.1 The acute abdomenSimon J.A. Buczacki and R. Justin Davies
  - 15.4.2 Gastrointestinal bleedingVanessa Brown and T.A. Rockall
- 15.5 Immune disorders of the gastrointestinal tractJoya Bhattacharyya and Arthur Kaser
- 15.6 The mouth and salivary glandsJohn Gibson and Douglas Robertson
- 15.7 Diseases of the oesophagusRebecca C. Fitzgerald and Massimiliano di Pietro
- 15.8 Peptic ulcer diseaseJoseph Sung
- 15.9 Hormones and the gastrointestinal tract
  - 15.9.1 Hormones and the gastrointestinal tractRebecca Scott, T.M. Tan, and S.R. Bloom
  - 15.9.2 Carcinoid syndromeB. Khoo, T.M. Tan, and S.R. Bloom
- 15.10 Malabsorption
  - 15.10.1 Differential diagnosis and investigation of malabsorptionAlastair Forbes and Victoria Mulcahy
  - 15.10.2 Bacterial overgrowth of the small intestineStephen J. Middleton and Raymond J. Playford
  - 15.10.3 Coeliac diseasePeter D. Mooney and David S. Sanders
  - 15.10.4 Gastrointestinal lymphomasKikkeri N. Naresh
  - 15.10.5 Disaccharidase deficiencyTimothy M. Cox
  - 15.10.6 Whipple’s diseaseFlorence Fenollar and Didier Raoult
  - 15.10.7 Effects of massive bowel resectionStephen J. Middleton, Simon M. Gabe, and Raymond J. Playford
  - 15.10.8 Malabsorption syndromes in the tropicsVineet Ahuja and Govind K. Makharia
- 15.11 Crohn’s diseaseMiles Parkes and Tim Raine
- 15.12 Ulcerative colitisJeremy Sanderson and Peter Irving
- 15.13 Irritable bowel syndromeAdam D. Farmer and Qasim Aziz
- 15.14 Colonic diverticular diseaseNicolas C. Buchs, Roel Hompes, Shazad Q. Ashraf, and Neil J.McC. Mortensen
- 15.15 Congenital abnormalities of the gastrointestinal tractHolm H. Uhlig
- 15.16 Cancers of the gastrointestinal tractPeter L. Labib, J.A. Bridgewater, and Stephen P. Pereira
- 15.17 Vascular disorders of the gastrointestinal tractRay Boyapati
- 15.18 Gastrointestinal infectionsSarah O’Brien
- 15.19 Miscellaneous disorders of the bowelAlexander Gimson
- 15.20 Structure and function of the liver, biliary tract, and pancreasWilliam Gelson and Alexander Gimson
- 15.21 Pathobiology of chronic liver diseaseWajahat Z. Mehal
- 15.22 Presentations and management of liver disease
  - 15.22.1 Investigation and management of jaundiceJane Collier
  - 15.22.2 Cirrhosis and ascitesJavier Fernández and Vicente Arroyo
  - 15.22.3 Portal hypertension and variceal bleedingMarcus Robertson and Peter Hayes
  - 15.22.4 Hepatic encephalopathyPaul K. Middleton and Debbie L. Shawcross
  - 15.22.5 Liver failureJane Macnaughtan and Rajiv Jalan
  - 15.22.6 Liver transplantationJohn G. O’Grady
- 15.23 Hepatitis and autoimmune liver disease
  - 15.23.1 Hepatitis A to EGraeme J.M. Alexander and Kate Nash
  - 15.23.2 Autoimmune hepatitisG.J. Webb and Gideon M. Hirschfield
  - 15.23.3 Primary biliary cholangitisJessica K. Dyson and David E.J. Jones
  - 15.23.4 Primary sclerosing cholangitisKate D. Lynch and Roger W. Chapman
- 15.24 Other liver diseases
  - 15.24.1 Alcoholic liver diseaseEwan Forrest
  - 15.24.2 Nonalcoholic fatty liver diseaseQuentin M. Anstee and Christopher P. Day
  - 15.24.3 Drug-induced liver diseaseGuruprasad P. Aithal
  - 15.24.4 Vascular disorders of the liverAlexander Gimson
  - 15.24.5 The liver in systemic diseaseJames Neuberger
  - 15.24.6 Primary and secondary liver tumoursGraeme J.M. Alexander, David J. Lomas, William J.H. Griffiths, Simon M. Rushbrook, and Michael E.D. Allison
  - 15.24.7 Liver and biliary diseases in infancy and childhoodRichard J. Thompson
- 15.25 Diseases of the gallbladder and biliary treeColin Johnson and Mark Wright
- 15.26 Diseases of the pancreas
  - 15.26.1 Acute pancreatitisR. Carter, Euan J. Dickson, and C.J. McKay
  - 15.26.2 Chronic pancreatitisMarco J. Bruno and Djuna L. Cahen
  - 15.26.3 Tumours of the pancreasJames R.A. Skipworth and Stephen P. Pereira
Section 16 Cardiovascular disordersEdited by Section editor: Jeremy Dwight
- 16.1 Structure and function
  - 16.1.1 Blood vessels and the endotheliumKeith Channon and Patrick Vallance
  - 16.1.2 Cardiac physiologyRhys D. Evans, Kenneth T. MacLeod, Steven B. Marston, Nicholas J. Severs, and Peter H. Sugden
- 16.2 Clinical presentation of heart disease
  - 16.2.1 Chest pain, breathlessness, and fatigueJeremy Dwight
  - 16.2.2 Syncope and palpitationK. Rajappan, A.C. Rankin, A.D. McGavigan, and S.M. Cobbe
- 16.3 Clinical investigation of cardiac disorders
  - 16.3.1 ElectrocardiographyAndrew R. Houghton and David Gray
  - 16.3.2 EchocardiographyJames D. Newton, Adrian P. Banning, and Andrew R.J. Mitchell
  - 16.3.3 Cardiac investigations: Nuclear, MRI, and CTNikant Sabharwal, Andrew Kelion, Theodoros Karamitos, and Stefan Neubauer
  - 16.3.4 Cardiac catheterization and angiographyEdward D. Folland
- 16.4 Cardiac arrhythmiasMatthew R. Ginks, D.A. Lane, A.D. McGavigan, and Gregory Y.H. Lip
- 16.5 Cardiac failure
  - 16.5.1 Epidemiology and general pathophysiological classification of heart failureTheresa A. McDonagh and Kaushik Guha
  - 16.5.2 Acute cardiac failure: Definitions, investigation, and managementAndrew L. Clark and John G.F. Cleland
  - 16.5.3 Chronic heart failure: Definitions, investigation, and managementJohn G.F. Cleland and Andrew L. Clark
  - 16.5.4 Cardiorenal syndromeDarren Green and Philip A. Kalra
  - 16.5.5 Cardiac transplantation and mechanical circulatory supportJayan Parameshwar and Steven Tsui
- 16.6 Valvular heart diseaseMichael Henein
- 16.7 Diseases of heart muscle
  - 16.7.1 MyocarditisJay W. Mason and Heinz-Peter Schultheiss
  - 16.7.2 The cardiomyopathies: Hypertrophic, dilated, restrictive, and right ventricularOliver P. Guttmann and Perry Elliott
  - 16.7.3 Specific heart muscle disordersOliver P. Guttmann and Perry Elliott
- 16.8 Pericardial diseaseMichael Henein
- 16.9 Cardiac involvement in infectious disease
  - 16.9.1 Acute rheumatic feverJonathan R. Carapetis
  - 16.9.2 EndocarditisJames L. Harrison, John L. Klein, William A. Littler, and Bernard D. Prendergast
  - 16.9.3 Cardiac disease in HIV infectionPeter F. Currie
  - 16.9.4 Cardiovascular syphilisKrishna Somers
- 16.10 Tumours of the heartThomas A. Traill
- 16.11 Cardiac involvement in genetic diseaseThomas A. Traill
- 16.12 Congenital heart disease in the adultS.A. Thorne
- 16.13 Coronary heart disease
  - 16.13.1 Biology and pathology of atherosclerosisRobin P. Choudhury, Joshua T. Chai, and Edward A. Fisher
  - 16.13.2 Coronary heart disease: Epidemiology and preventionGoodarz Danaei and Kazem Rahimi
  - 16.13.3 Management of stable anginaAdam D. Timmis
  - 16.13.4 Management of acute coronary syndromeRajesh K. Kharbanda and Keith A.A. Fox
  - 16.13.5 Percutaneous interventional cardiac proceduresEdward D. Folland
  - 16.13.6 Coronary artery bypass and valve surgeryRana Sayeed and David Taggart
- 16.14 Diseases of the arteries
  - 16.14.1 Acute aortic syndromesJames D. Newton, Andrew R.J. Mitchell, and Adrian P. Banning
  - 16.14.2 Peripheral arterial diseaseJanet Powell and Alun Davies
  - 16.14.3 Cholesterol embolismChristopher Dudley
- 16.15 The pulmonary circulation
  - 16.15.1 Structure and function of the pulmonary circulationNicholas W. Morrell
  - 16.15.2 Pulmonary hypertensionNicholas W. Morrell
- 16.16 Venous thromboembolism
  - 16.16.1 Deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolismPaul D. Stein, Fadi Matta, and John D. Firth
  - 16.16.2 Therapeutic anticoagulationDavid Keeling
- 16.17 Hypertension
  - 16.17.1 Essential hypertension: Definition, epidemiology, and pathophysiologyBryan Williams and John D. Firth
  - 16.17.2 Essential hypertension: Diagnosis, assessment, and treatmentBryan Williams and John D. Firth
  - 16.17.3 Secondary hypertensionMorris J. Brown and Fraz A. Mir
  - 16.17.4 Mendelian disorders causing hypertensionNilesh J. Samani and Maciej Tomaszewski
  - 16.17.5 Hypertensive urgencies and emergencies Gregory Y.H. Lip and Alena Shantsila
- 16.18 Chronic peripheral oedema and lymphoedemaPeter S. Mortimer
- 16.19 Idiopathic oedema of womenJohn D. Firth
Section 17 Critical care medicineEdited by Section editor: Simon Finfer
- 17.1 The seriously ill or deteriorating patientCarole Foot and Liz Hickson
- 17.2 Cardiac arrestGavin D. Perkins, Jasmeet Soar, Jerry P. Nolan, and David A. Gabbott
- 17.3 AnaphylaxisAnthony F.T. Brown
- 17.4 Assessing and preparing patients with medical conditions for major surgeryTom Abbott and Rupert Pearse
- 17.5 Acute respiratory failureSusannah Leaver, Jeremy Cordingley, Simon Finney, and Mark Griffiths
- 17.6 Circulation and circulatory support in the critically illMichael R. Pinsky
- 17.7 Management of raised intracranial pressureDavid K. Menon
- 17.8 Sedation and analgesia in the ICUMichael C. Reade
- 17.9 Metabolic and endocrine changes in acute and chronic critical illnessEva Boonen and Greet Van den Berghe
- 17.10 Palliative and end-of-life care in the ICUPhillip D. Levin and Charles L. Sprung
- 17.11 Diagnosis of death and organ donationPaul Murphy
- 17.12 Persistent problems and recovery after critical illnessMark E. Mikkelsen and Theodore J. Iwashyna
Section 18 Respiratory disordersEdited by Section editor: Pallav L. Shah
- 18.1 Structure and function
  - 18.1.1 The upper respiratory tractPallav L. Shah, J.R. Stradling, and S.E. Craig
  - 18.1.2 Airways and alveoliPeter D. Wagner and Pallav L. Shah
- 18.2 The clinical presentation of respiratory diseaseSamuel Kemp and Julian Hopkin
- 18.3 Clinical investigation of respiratory disorders
  - 18.3.1 Respiratory function testsG. J. Gibson
  - 18.3.2 Thoracic imagingSusan J. Copley and David M. Hansell
  - 18.3.3 Bronchoscopy, thoracoscopy, and tissue biopsyPallav L. Shah
- 18.4 Respiratory infection
  - 18.4.1 Upper respiratory tract infectionsP. Little
  - 18.4.2 Pneumonia in the normal hostWei Shen Lim
  - 18.4.3 Nosocomial pneumoniaWei Shen Lim
  - 18.4.4 MycobacteriaHannah Jarvis and Onn Min Kon
  - 18.4.5 Pulmonary complications of HIV infectionJulia Choy and Anton Pozniak
- 18.5 The upper respiratory tract
  - 18.5.1 Upper airway obstructionJames H. Hull and Matthew Hind
  - 18.5.2 Sleep-related breathing disordersMary J. Morrell, Julia Kelly, Alison McMillan, and Matthew Hind
- 18.6 Allergic rhinitisStephen R. Durham and Hesham A. Saleh
- 18.7 AsthmaAlexandra Nanzer-Kelly, Paul Cullinan, and Andrew Menzies-Gow
- 18.8 Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseNicholas S. Hopkinson
- 18.9 BronchiectasisR. Wilson and D. Bilton
- 18.10 Cystic fibrosisAndrew Bush and Caroline Elston
- 18.11 Diffuse parenchymal lung diseases
  - 18.11.1 Diffuse parenchymal lung disease: An introductionF. Teo and A.U. Wells
  - 18.11.2 Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosisP.L. Molyneaux, A.G. Nicholson, N. Hirani, and A.U. Wells
  - 18.11.3 Bronchiolitis obliterans and cryptogenic organizing pneumoniaVasilis Kouranos and A.U. Wells
  - 18.11.4 The lung in autoimmune rheumatic disordersM.A. Kokosi and A.U. Wells
  - 18.11.5 The lung in vasculitisG.A. Margaritopoulos and A.U. Wells
- 18.12 SarcoidosisRobert P. Baughman and Elyse E. Lower
- 18.13 PneumoconiosesP.T. Reid
- 18.14 Miscellaneous conditions
  - 18.14.1 Diffuse alveolar haemorrhageS. J. Bourke and G.P. Spickett
  - 18.14.2 Eosinophilic pneumoniaS. J. Bourke and G.P. Spickett
  - 18.14.3 Lymphocytic infiltrations of the lungS. J. Bourke
  - 18.14.4 Hypersensitivity pneumonitisS. J. Bourke and G.P. Spickett
  - 18.14.5 Pulmonary Langerhans’ cell histiocytosisS. J. Bourke
  - 18.14.6 LymphangioleiomyomatosisS. J. Bourke
  - 18.14.7 Pulmonary alveolar proteinosisS. J. Bourke
  - 18.14.8 Pulmonary amyloidosisS. J. Bourke
  - 18.14.9 Lipoid (lipid) pneumoniaS. J. Bourke
  - 18.14.10 Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasisS. J. Bourke
  - 18.14.11 Toxic gases and aerosolsChris Stenton
  - 18.14.12 Radiation pneumonitisS. J. Bourke
  - 18.14.13 Drug-induced lung diseaseS. J. Bourke
- 18.15 Chronic respiratory failureMichael I. Polkey and P.M.A. Calverley
- 18.16 Lung transplantationP. Hopkins and A.J. Fisher
- 18.17 Pleural diseasesD. de Fonseka, Y.C. Gary Lee, and N.A. Maskell
- 18.18 Disorders of the thoracic cage and diaphragmJohn M. Shneerson and Michael I. Polkey
- 18.19 Malignant diseases
  - 18.19.1 Lung cancerS.G. Spiro and N. Navani
  - 18.19.2 Pulmonary metastasesS.G. Spiro
  - 18.19.3 Pleural tumoursY.C. Gary Lee
  - 18.19.4 Mediastinal tumours and cystsY.C. Gary Lee and Helen E. Davies
Section 19 Rheumatological disordersEdited by Section editor: Richard A. Watts
- 19.1 Joints and connective tissue—structure and functionThomas Pap, Adelheid Korb-Pap, Christine Hartmann, and Jessica Bertrand
- 19.2 Clinical presentation and diagnosis of rheumatological disordersChristopher Deighton and Fiona Pearce
- 19.3 Clinical investigationMichael Doherty and Peter C. Lanyon
- 19.4 Back pain and regional disordersCarlo Ammendolia and Danielle Southerst
- 19.5 Rheumatoid arthritisKenneth F. Baker and John D. Isaacs
- 19.6 Spondyloarthritis and related conditionsJürgen Braun and Joachim Sieper
- 19.7 Infection and arthritis Graham Raftery and Muddassir Shaikh
- 19.8 Reactive arthritisCarmel B. Stober and Hill Gaston
- 19.9 OsteoarthritisAndrew J. Barr and Philip G. Conaghan
- 19.10 Crystal-related arthropathiesEdward Roddy and Michael Doherty
- 19.11 Autoimmune rheumatic disorders and vasculitides
  - 19.11.1 IntroductionDavid A. Isenberg and Ian Giles
  - 19.11.2 Systemic lupus erythematosus and related disordersAnisur Rahman and David A. Isenberg
  - 19.11.3 Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma)Christopher P. Denton and Carol M. Black
  - 19.11.4 Sjögren’s syndromeWan-Fai Ng
  - 19.11.5 Inflammatory myopathiesIngrid E. Lundberg, Hector Chinoy, and Robert Cooper
  - 19.11.6 Large vessel vasculitisRaashid Luqmani and Cristina Ponte
  - 19.11.7 ANCA-associated vasculitisDavid Jayne
  - 19.11.8 Polyarteritis nodosaLoïc Guillevin
  - 19.11.9 Small vessel vasculitisRichard A. Watts
  - 19.11.10 Behçet’s syndromeSebahattin Yurdakul, Izzet Fresko, and Hasan Yazici
  - 19.11.11 Polymyalgia rheumaticaBhaskar Dasgupta and Eric L. Matteson
  - 19.11.12 Kawasaki diseaseBrian W. McCrindle
- 19.12 Miscellaneous conditions presenting to the rheumatologistStuart Carter, Lisa Dunkley, and Ade Adebajo
Section 20 Disorders of the skeletonEdited by Section editor: Cyrus Cooper
- 20.1 Skeletal disorders—general approach and clinical conditionsB. Paul Wordsworth and M.K. Javaid
- 20.2 Inherited defects of connective tissue: Ehlers–Danlos syndrome, Marfan’s syndrome, and pseudoxanthoma elasticumN.P. Burrows
- 20.3 OsteomyelitisMartin A. McNally and Anthony R. Berendt
- 20.4 Osteoporosis Nicholas C. Harvey, Juliet Compston, and Cyrus Cooper
- 20.5 Osteonecrosis, osteochondrosis, and osteochondritis dissecansGavin Clunie
- 20.6 Bone cancerHelen Hatcher
Section 21 Disorders of the kidney and urinary tractEdited by Section editor: John D. Firth
- 21.1 Structure and function of the kidneySteve Harper and Robert Unwin
- 21.2 Electrolyte disorders
  - 21.2.1 Disorders of water and sodium homeostasisMichael L. Moritz and Juan Carlos Ayus
  - 21.2.2 Disorders of potassium homeostasisJohn D. Firth
- 21.3 Clinical presentation of renal diseaseRichard E. Fielding and Ken Farrington
- 21.4 Clinical investigation of renal diseaseAndrew Davenport
- 21.5 Acute kidney injuryJohn D. Firth
- 21.6 Chronic kidney diseaseAlastair Hutchison
- 21.7 Renal replacement therapy
  - 21.7.1 HaemodialysisRobert Mactier
  - 21.7.2 Peritoneal dialysisSimon Davies
  - 21.7.3 Renal transplantationNicholas Torpey and John D. Firth
- 21.8 Glomerular diseases
  - 21.8.1 Immunoglobulin A nephropathy and IgA vasculitis (HSP)Jonathan Barratt and John Feehally
  - 21.8.2 Thin membrane nephropathyPeter Topham and John Feehally
  - 21.8.3 Minimal-change nephropathy and focal segmental glomerulosclerosisMoin Saleem and Lisa Willcocks
  - 21.8.4 Membranous nephropathyAn S. De Vriese and Fernando C. Fervenza
  - 21.8.5 Proliferative glomerulonephritisAlan D. Salama and Mark A. Little
  - 21.8.6 Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritisTabitha Turner-Stokes and Mark A. Little
  - 21.8.7 Antiglomerular basement membrane diseaseMårten Segelmark and Thomas Hellmark
- 21.9 Tubulointerstitial diseases
  - 21.9.1 Acute interstitial nephritisSimon D. Roger
  - 21.9.2 Chronic tubulointerstitial nephritisMarc E. De Broe, Channa Jayasumana, Patrick C. D’Haese, Monique M. Elseviers, and Benjamin Vervaet
- 21.10 The kidney in systemic disease
  - 21.10.1 Diabetes mellitus and the kidneyRudolf Bilous
  - 21.10.2 The kidney in systemic vasculitisDavid Jayne
  - 21.10.3 The kidney in rheumatological disordersLiz Lightstone and Hannah Beckwith
  - 21.10.4 The kidney in sarcoidosisIngeborg Hilderson and Jan Donck
  - 21.10.5 Renal involvement in plasma cell dyscrasias, immunoglobulin-based amyloidoses, and fibrillary glomerulopathies, lymphomas, and leukaemiasPierre Ronco, Frank Bridoux, and Arnaud Jaccard
  - 21.10.6 Haemolytic uraemic syndromeEdwin K.S. Wong and David Kavanagh
  - 21.10.7 Sickle cell disease and the kidneyClaire C. Sharpe
  - 21.10.8 Infection-associated nephropathiesA. Neil Turner
  - 21.10.9 Malignancy-associated renal diseaseA. Neil Turner
  - 21.10.10 Atherosclerotic renovascular diseasePhilip A. Kalra and Diana Vassallo
- 21.11 Renal diseases in the tropicsVivekanand Jha
- 21.12 Renal involvement in genetic diseaseD. Joly and J.P. Grünfeld
- 21.13 Urinary tract infectionCharles Tomson and Neil Sheerin
- 21.14 Disorders of renal calcium handling, urinary stones, and nephrocalcinosisChristopher Pugh, Elaine M. Worcester, Andrew P. Evan, and Fredric L. Coe
- 21.15 The renal tubular acidosesJohn A. Sayer and Fiona E. Karet
- 21.16 Disorders of tubular electrolyte handlingNine V.A.M. Knoers and Elena N. Levtchenko
- 21.17 Urinary tract obstructionMuhammad M. Yaqoob and Kieran McCafferty
- 21.18 Malignant diseases of the urinary tractTim Eisen, Freddie C. Hamdy, and Robert A. Huddart
- 21.19 Drugs and the kidneyAine Burns and Caroline Ashley
Section 22 Haematological disordersEdited by Section editors: Chris Hatton and Deborah Hay
- 22.1 Introduction to haematologyChris Hatton
- 22.2 Haematopoiesis
  - 22.2.1 Cellular and molecular basis of haematopoiesisParesh Vyas and N. Asger Jakobsen
  - 22.2.2 Diagnostic techniques in the assessment of haematological malignanciesWendy N. Erber
- 22.3 Myeloid disease
  - 22.3.1 Granulocytes in health and diseaseJoseph Sinning and Nancy Berliner
  - 22.3.2 Myelodysplastic syndromesCharlotte K. Brierley and David P. Steensma
  - 22.3.3 Acute myeloid leukaemiaNigel Russell and Alan Burnett
  - 22.3.4 Chronic myeloid leukaemiaMhairi Copland and Tessa L. Holyoake
  - 22.3.5 The polycythaemiasDaniel Aruch and Ronald Hoffman
  - 22.3.6 Thrombocytosis and essential thrombocythaemiaDaniel Aruch and Ronald Hoffman
  - 22.3.7 Primary myelofibrosisEvan M. Braunstein and Jerry L. Spivak
  - 22.3.8 EosinophiliaPeter F. Weller
  - 22.3.9 HistiocytosisChris Hatton
- 22.4 Lymphoid disease
  - 22.4.1 Introduction to lymphopoiesisCaron A. Jacobson and Nancy Berliner
  - 22.4.2 Acute lymphoblastic leukaemiaH. Josef Vormoor, Tobias F. Menne, and Anthony V. Moorman
  - 22.4.3 Hodgkin lymphomaVijaya Raj Bhatt and James O. Armitage
  - 22.4.4 Non-Hodgkin lymphomaVijaya Raj Bhatt and James O. Armitage
  - 22.4.5 Chronic lymphocytic leukaemiaClive S. Zent and Aaron Polliack
  - 22.4.6 Plasma cell myeloma and related monoclonal gammopathiesS. Vincent Rajkumar and Robert A. Kyle
- 22.5 Bone marrow failure
  - 22.5.1 Inherited bone marrow failure syndromesIrene Roberts and Inderjeet S. Dokal
  - 22.5.2 Acquired aplastic anaemia and pure red cell aplasiaJudith C.W. Marsh, Shreyans Gandhi, and Ghulam J. Mufti
  - 22.5.3 Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuriaLucio Luzzatto
- 22.6 Erythroid disorders
  - 22.6.1 ErythropoiesisVijay G. Sankaran
  - 22.6.2 Anaemia: pathophysiology, classification, and clinical featuresDavid J. Weatherall and Chris Hatton
  - 22.6.3 Anaemia as a challenge to world healthDavid J. Roberts and David J. Weatherall
  - 22.6.4 Iron metabolism and its disordersTimothy M. Cox and John B. Porter
  - 22.6.5 Anaemia of inflammationSant-Rayn Pasricha and Hal Drakesmith
  - 22.6.6 Megaloblastic anaemia and miscellaneous deficiency anaemiasA.V. Hoffbrand
  - 22.6.7 Disorders of the synthesis or function of haemoglobinDeborah Hay and David J. Weatherall
  - 22.6.8 Anaemias resulting from defective maturation of red cellsStephen J. Fuller and James S. Wiley
  - 22.6.9 Disorders of the red cell membranePatrick G. Gallagher
  - 22.6.10 Erythrocyte enzymopathiesAlberto Zanella and Paola Bianchi
  - 22.6.11 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiencyLucio Luzzatto
  - 22.6.12 Acquired haemolytic anaemiaAmy Powers and Leslie Silberstein
- 22.7 Haemostasis
  - 22.7.1 The biology of haemostasis and thrombosisGilbert C. White, II, Harold R. Roberts, and Nigel S. Key
  - 22.7.2 Evaluation of the patient with a bleeding tendencyTrevor Baglin
  - 22.7.3 Thrombocytopenia and disorders of platelet functionNicola Curry and Susie Shapiro
  - 22.7.4 Genetic disorders of coagulationEleanor S. Pollak and Katherine A. High
  - 22.7.5 Acquired coagulation disordersT.E. Warkentin
- 22.8 Transfusion and transplantation
  - 22.8.1 Blood transfusionD.S. Giovanniello and E.L. Snyder
  - 22.8.2 Haemopoietic stem cell transplantationE.C. Gordon-Smith and Emma C. Morris
Section 23 Disorders of the skinEdited by Section editor: Roderick J. Hay
- 23.1 Structure and function of skinJohn A. McGrath
- 23.2 Clinical approach to the diagnosis of skin diseaseVanessa Venning
- 23.3 Inherited skin diseaseThiviyani Maruthappu and David P. Kelsell
- 23.4 Autoimmune bullous diseasesKathy Taghipour and Fenella Wojnarowska
- 23.5 Papulosquamous disease Christopher E.M. Griffiths
- 23.6 Dermatitis/eczemaPeter S. Friedmann, Michael J. Arden-Jones, and Roderick J. Hay
- 23.7 Cutaneous vasculitis, connective tissue diseases, and urticariaVolha Shpadaruk and Karen E. Harman
- 23.8 Disorders of pigmentationEugene Healy
- 23.9 PhotosensitivityHiva Fassihi and Jane McGregor
- 23.10 Infections of the skinRoderick J. Hay
- 23.11 Sebaceous and sweat gland disordersAlison M. Layton
- 23.12 Blood and lymphatic vessel disordersPeter S. Mortimer and Roderick J. Hay
- 23.13 Hair and nail disordersDavid de Berker
- 23.14 Tumours of the skinEdel O’Toole
- 23.15 Skin and systemic diseasesClive B. Archer and Charles M.G. Archer
- 23.16 Cutaneous reactions to drugsSarah Walsh, Daniel Creamer, and Haur Yueh Lee
- 23.17 Management of skin diseaseRod Sinclair
Section 24 Neurological disordersEdited by Section editor: Christopher Kennard
- 24.1 Introduction and approach to the patient with neurological diseaseAlastair Compston and Christopher Kennard
- 24.2 Mind and brain: Building bridges between neurology, psychiatry, and psychologyAdam Zeman
- 24.3 Clinical investigation of neurological disease
  - 24.3.1 Lumbar punctureR. Rhys Davies and Andrew J. Larner
  - 24.3.2 Electrophysiology of the central and peripheral nervous systemsChristian Krarup
  - 24.3.3 Imaging in neurological diseasesAndrew J. Molyneux, Shelley Renowden, and Marcus Bradley
  - 24.3.4 Investigation of central motor pathways: Magnetic brain stimulationK.R. Mills
- 24.4 Higher cerebral function
  - 24.4.1 Disturbances of higher cerebral functionPeter J. Nestor
  - 24.4.2 Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias Jonathan M. Schott
- 24.5 Epilepsy and disorders of consciousness
  - 24.5.1 Epilepsy in later childhood and adulthoodArjune Sen and M.R. Johnson
  - 24.5.2 NarcolepsyMatthew C. Walker
  - 24.5.3 Sleep disordersPaul J. Reading
  - 24.5.4 SyncopeAndrew J. Larner
  - 24.5.5 The unconscious patientDavid Bates
  - 24.5.6 Brainstem death and prolonged disorders of consciousnessAri Ercole, Peter J. Hutchinson, and John D. Pickard
- 24.6 Disorders of the special senses
  - 24.6.1 Visual pathwaysSara Ajina and Christopher Kennard
  - 24.6.2 Eye movements and balanceMichael Strupp and Thomas Brandt
  - 24.6.3 Hearing lossLinda Luxon
- 24.7 Disorders of movement
  - 24.7.1 Subcortical structures: The cerebellum, basal ganglia, and thalamusMark J. Edwards and Penelope Talelli
  - 24.7.2 Parkinsonism and other extrapyramidal diseasesElisaveta Sokolov, Vinod K. Metta, and K. Ray Chaudhuri
  - 24.7.3 Movement disorders other than Parkinson’s disease Bettina Balint and Kailash Bhatia
  - 24.7.4 Ataxic disordersNicholas Wood
- 24.8 HeadachePeter J. Goadsby
- 24.9 Brainstem syndromesDavid Bates
- 24.10 Specific conditions affecting the central nervous system
  - 24.10.1 Stroke: Cerebrovascular diseaseJ. van Gijn (revised by Peter M. Rothwell)
  - 24.10.2 Demyelinating disorders of the central nervous systemAlasdair Coles and Siddharthan Chandran
  - 24.10.3 Traumatic brain injuryTim Lawrence and Laurence Watkins
  - 24.10.4 Intracranial tumoursJeremy Rees
  - 24.10.5 Idiopathic intracranial hypertensionAlexandra Sinclair
- 24.11 Infections of the central nervous system
  - 24.11.1 Bacterial infectionsDiederik van de Beek and Guy E. Thwaites
  - 24.11.2 Viral infectionsFiona McGill, Jeremy Farrar, Bridget Wills, Menno De Jong, David A. Warrell, and Tom Solomon
  - 24.11.3 Intracranial abscessesTim Lawrence and Richard S.C. Kerr
  - 24.11.4 Neurosyphilis and neuro-AIDSHadi Manji
  - 24.11.5 Human prion diseasesSimon Mead and R.G. Will
- 24.12 Disorders of cranial nervesRobert D.M. Hadden
- 24.13 Disorders of the spinal cord
  - 24.13.1 Diseases of the spinal cordAnu Jacob and Andrew J. Larner
  - 24.13.2 Spinal cord injury and its managementWagih El Masri(y) and Michael Barnes
- 24.14 Diseases of the autonomic nervous systemChristopher J. Mathias and David A. Low
- 24.15 The motor neuron diseasesTom Jenkins, Alice Brockington, and Pamela J. Shaw
- 24.16 Diseases of the peripheral nervesRobert D.M. Hadden
- 24.17 Inherited neurodegenerative diseasesSwati Sathe
- 24.18 Disorders of the neuromuscular junctionDavid Hilton-Jones and Jacqueline Palace
- 24.19 Disorders of muscle
  - 24.19.1 Structure and function of muscleMichael G. Hanna and Enrico Bugiardini
  - 24.19.2 Muscular dystrophyKate Bushby and Chiara Marini-Bettolo
  - 24.19.3 MyotoniaDavid Hilton-Jones
  - 24.19.4 Metabolic and endocrine disordersDavid Hilton-Jones and Richard Edwards
  - 24.19.5 Mitochondrial diseasePatrick F. Chinnery and D.M. Turnbull
- 24.20 Developmental abnormalities of the central nervous systemChristopher M. Verity, Jane A. Hurst, and Helen V. Firth
- 24.21 Acquired metabolic disorders and the nervous systemNeil Scolding
- 24.22 Neurological complications of systemic diseaseNeil Scolding
- 24.23 Paraneoplastic neurological syndromesJeremy Rees
- 24.24 Autoimmune encephalitis and Morvan’s syndromeCamilla Buckley and Angela Vincent
Section 25 Disorders of the eyeEdited by Section editor: Christopher P. Conlon
- 25.1 The eye in general medicineTasanee Braithwaite, Richard W. Lee, and Peng T. Khaw
Section 26 Psychiatric and drug-related disordersEdited by Section editor: Michael Sharpe
- 26.1 General introductionMichael Sharpe
- 26.2 The psychiatric assessment of the medical patientJane Walker, Roger Smyth, and Michael Sharpe
- 26.3 Common psychiatric presentations in medical patients
  - 26.3.1 ConfusionBart Sheehan and Thomas Jackson
  - 26.3.2 Self-harmKate E.A. Saunders and Keith Hawton
  - 26.3.3 Medically unexplained symptomsMichael Sharpe
  - 26.3.4 Low moodJane Walker
- 26.4 Psychiatric treatments in the medically ill
  - 26.4.1 Psychopharmacology in medical practicePhilip J. Cowen
  - 26.4.2 Psychological treatmentsMichael Sharpe and Simon Wessely
- 26.5 Specific psychiatric disorders
  - 26.5.1 DeliriumBart Sheehan
  - 26.5.2 DementiaBart Sheehan
  - 26.5.3 Organic psychosesCurtis McKnight and Jason Caplan
  - 26.5.4 Alcohol misuseJonathan Wood
  - 26.5.5 Substance misuseStephen Potts
  - 26.5.6 Depressive disorderJoseph Cerimele and Lydia Chwastiak
  - 26.5.7 Bipolar disorderKate E.A. Saunders and John Geddes
  - 26.5.8 Anxiety disordersTed Liao and Steve Epstein
  - 26.5.9 Acute stress disorder, adjustment disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorderJonathan I. Bisson
  - 26.5.10 Eating disordersChristopher G. Fairburn
  - 26.5.11 SchizophreniaStephen M. Lawrie
  - 26.5.12 Somatic symptom and related disordersMichael Sharpe
  - 26.5.13 Personality disordersIain Jordan
- 26.6 Changing unhealthy behaviours
  - 26.6.1 Brief interventions for excessive alcohol consumptionAmy O’Donnell, Eileen Kaner, and Nick Heather
  - 26.6.2 Obesity and weight managementSusan Jebb and Paul Aveyard
  - 26.6.3 Smoking cessationPaul Aveyard
- 26.7 Psychiatry, liaison psychiatry, and psychological medicineMichael Sharpe
Section 27 Forensic medicineEdited by Section editor: John D. Firth
- 27.1 Forensic and legal medicineJason Payne-James, Paul Marks, Ralph Bouhaidar, and Steven B. Karch
Section 28 Sport and exercise medicineEdited by Section editor: John D. Firth
- 28.1 Sport and exercise medicineCathy Speed
Section 29 Biochemistry in medicineEdited by Section editor: Christopher P. Conlon
- 29.1 The use of biochemical analysis for diagnosis and managementBrian Shine and Nishan Guha
Section 30 Acute medicineEdited by Section editor: John D. Firth
- 30.1 Acute medical presentations Sian Coggle, Elaine Jolly, and John D. Firth
- 30.2 Practical procedures Elaine Jolly, Sian Coggle, and John D. Firth
End Matter
- Index: A
- Index: B
- Index: C
- Index: D
- Index: E
- Index: F
- Index: G
- Index: H
- Index: I
- Index: J
- Index: K
- Index: L
- Index: M
- Index: N
- Index: O
- Index: P
- Index: R
- Index: S
- Index: T
- Index: U
- Index: V
- Index: W
- Index: X
- Index: Y
- Index: Z

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date: 27 October 2021

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