- Section 1 Clinical syndromes
- Chapter 1 Antibacterials
- Chapter 2 Antifungals
- Chapter 3 Antiparasitics
- Chapter 4 Antivirals
- Chapter 5 Antimicrobial stewardship
- Chapter 6 Bacterial meningitis
- Chapter 7 Bone and joint infections
- Chapter 8 Cardiac infections
- Chapter 9 Central venous catheter infections
- Chapter 10 Chronic fatigue syndrome
- Chapter 11 Congenital infections
- Chapter 12 Diarrhoea and vomiting
- Chapter 13 Emerging infections and pandemic preparedness
- Chapter 14 Encephalitis
- Chapter 15 Enlarged lymph nodes
- Chapter 16 Ocular infections
- Chapter 17 Immunocompromised children with infection
- Chapter 18 Immunization of the immunocompromised child
- Chapter 19 Infection control in the community
- Chapter 20 Infection control in the hospital
- Chapter 21 Laboratory diagnosis of infection
- Chapter 22 Lower respiratory tract infection
- Chapter 23 Neonatal infections
- Chapter 24 Hereditary autoinflammatory diseases
- Chapter 25 Pyrexia of unknown origin
- Chapter 26 Rash
- Chapter 27 Gram-positive bacteria
- Chapter 28 Gram-negative infections
- Chapter 29 Refugees and internationally adopted children
- Chapter 30 The unwell child returning from abroad
- Chapter 31 Sepsis syndrome
- Chapter 32 Sexually transmitted infections
- Chapter 33 Skin and soft tissue infections
- Chapter 34 Investigating the child with possible immunodeficiency
- Chapter 35 Invasive fungal infection
- Chapter 36 Toxic shock syndrome
- Chapter 37 Trauma, bites, and burns
- Chapter 38 Travelling abroad with children
- Chapter 39 Urinary tract infection
- Chapter 40 Upper respiratory tract infections
- Chapter 41 Zoonoses
- Section 2 Specific infections
(p. 112) Diarrhoea and vomiting
- Chapter:
- (p. 112) Diarrhoea and vomiting
- DOI:
- 10.1093/med/9780198729228.003.0012
Among infectious diseases, a number of infections remain a constant threat to humans. In addition, there are the emerging, re-emerging (or resurging), newly recognized, and deliberately emergent infectious diseases. Emerging and re-emerging infections are often a consequence of complex interactions between the pathogen, the host, and the environment. Pathogens, particularly viruses, have a selective advantage in adapting to new ecological niches because of their high replication rates. Host factors include: population growth and migration; increase in international travel, trade, technology, and industry; behavioural changes; an ageing population; the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics and immunosuppressive drugs; breakdown of public health measures; war; poverty and social inequality; and intentional biological attacks. Environmental factors (many of them induced by humans) include: climate and weather changes; agricultural development and land use; changing ecosystems; livestock farming; changing relationships between humans and animals; deforestation; reforestation; urbanization; famine; and flooding.
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- Section 1 Clinical syndromes
- Chapter 1 Antibacterials
- Chapter 2 Antifungals
- Chapter 3 Antiparasitics
- Chapter 4 Antivirals
- Chapter 5 Antimicrobial stewardship
- Chapter 6 Bacterial meningitis
- Chapter 7 Bone and joint infections
- Chapter 8 Cardiac infections
- Chapter 9 Central venous catheter infections
- Chapter 10 Chronic fatigue syndrome
- Chapter 11 Congenital infections
- Chapter 12 Diarrhoea and vomiting
- Chapter 13 Emerging infections and pandemic preparedness
- Chapter 14 Encephalitis
- Chapter 15 Enlarged lymph nodes
- Chapter 16 Ocular infections
- Chapter 17 Immunocompromised children with infection
- Chapter 18 Immunization of the immunocompromised child
- Chapter 19 Infection control in the community
- Chapter 20 Infection control in the hospital
- Chapter 21 Laboratory diagnosis of infection
- Chapter 22 Lower respiratory tract infection
- Chapter 23 Neonatal infections
- Chapter 24 Hereditary autoinflammatory diseases
- Chapter 25 Pyrexia of unknown origin
- Chapter 26 Rash
- Chapter 27 Gram-positive bacteria
- Chapter 28 Gram-negative infections
- Chapter 29 Refugees and internationally adopted children
- Chapter 30 The unwell child returning from abroad
- Chapter 31 Sepsis syndrome
- Chapter 32 Sexually transmitted infections
- Chapter 33 Skin and soft tissue infections
- Chapter 34 Investigating the child with possible immunodeficiency
- Chapter 35 Invasive fungal infection
- Chapter 36 Toxic shock syndrome
- Chapter 37 Trauma, bites, and burns
- Chapter 38 Travelling abroad with children
- Chapter 39 Urinary tract infection
- Chapter 40 Upper respiratory tract infections
- Chapter 41 Zoonoses
- Section 2 Specific infections