- Preface
- Acknowledgements
- Abbreviations
- Section 1 Fundamentals of healthy nutrition and lifestyle
- Chapter 1 The importance of nutrition and lifestyle to healthy development
- Chapter 2 Conceptual background to healthy growth and development
- Section 2 Nutritional requirements of pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 3 Practicalities: understanding nutrient recommendations
- Chapter 4 Macronutrients and fibre requirements during pregnancy
- Chapter 5 Polyunsaturated fatty acids in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 6 Vitamin A in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 7 Vitamin B<sub>1</sub> (thiamine) in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 8 Vitamin B<sub>2</sub> (riboflavin) in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 9 Vitamin B<sub>3</sub> (niacin) in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 10 Vitamin B<sub>6</sub> (pyridoxine) in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 11 Vitamin B<sub>7</sub> (biotin) in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 12 Vitamin B<sub>9</sub> (folate) in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 13 Vitamin B<sub>12</sub> (cobalamin) in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 14 Choline in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 15 Vitamin D in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 16 Vitamin K in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 17 Vitamins C and E and other antioxidants in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 18 Calcium in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 19 Iodine in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 20 Iron in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 21 Magnesium in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 22 Potassium in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 23 Selenium in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 24 Copper in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 25 Zinc in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 26 Manganese in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 27 Prebiotics and probiotics in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Section 3 A healthy lifestyle for a healthy pregnancy
- Chapter 28 Pre-conception maternal body composition and gestational weight gain
- Chapter 29 Exercise and physical activity in pregnancy
- Chapter 30 Foods, exposures, and lifestyle risk factors in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 31 Cultural and traditional food practices in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 32 Traditional and herbal remedies in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 33 Maternal stress in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 34 Effects of maternal age on pregnancy outcomes
- Chapter 35 Paternal factors that affect conception and pregnancy
- Section 4 A management guide—from before conception to weaning
- Chapter 36 Guidelines for the pre-conception period
- Chapter 37 Guidelines for pregnancy
- Chapter 38 Guidelines for breastfeeding and weaning
- References
- Subject Index
(p. 107) Vitamin D in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter:
- (p. 107) Vitamin D in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Author(s):
Sir Peter Gluckman
, Mark Hanson
, Chong Yap Seng
, and Anne Bardsley
- DOI:
- 10.1093/med/9780198722700.003.0015
Vitamin D, which is synthesized in skin exposed to UV light, or is consumed in the diet, plays a key role in maintaining bone integrity via the regulation of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis. It also influences a number of extra-skeletal processes, including immune function and blood glucose homeostasis. Maternal vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy leads to poor fetal skeletal mineralization in utero that can manifest as rickets in newborns. In addition to skeletal effects, women with very low vitamin D status face increased risks of other adverse pregnancy outcomes and possible long-term effects on their own health and that of their offspring. However, controversy remains over definitions of vitamin D sufficiency and deficiency, complicating recommendations on maternal intakes. At a minimum, all pregnant women should take a supplement of 400 IU/day, in addition to sensible sun exposure and increasing their intake of food sources.
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- Preface
- Acknowledgements
- Abbreviations
- Section 1 Fundamentals of healthy nutrition and lifestyle
- Chapter 1 The importance of nutrition and lifestyle to healthy development
- Chapter 2 Conceptual background to healthy growth and development
- Section 2 Nutritional requirements of pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 3 Practicalities: understanding nutrient recommendations
- Chapter 4 Macronutrients and fibre requirements during pregnancy
- Chapter 5 Polyunsaturated fatty acids in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 6 Vitamin A in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 7 Vitamin B<sub>1</sub> (thiamine) in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 8 Vitamin B<sub>2</sub> (riboflavin) in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 9 Vitamin B<sub>3</sub> (niacin) in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 10 Vitamin B<sub>6</sub> (pyridoxine) in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 11 Vitamin B<sub>7</sub> (biotin) in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 12 Vitamin B<sub>9</sub> (folate) in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 13 Vitamin B<sub>12</sub> (cobalamin) in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 14 Choline in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 15 Vitamin D in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 16 Vitamin K in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 17 Vitamins C and E and other antioxidants in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 18 Calcium in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 19 Iodine in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 20 Iron in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 21 Magnesium in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 22 Potassium in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 23 Selenium in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 24 Copper in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 25 Zinc in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 26 Manganese in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 27 Prebiotics and probiotics in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Section 3 A healthy lifestyle for a healthy pregnancy
- Chapter 28 Pre-conception maternal body composition and gestational weight gain
- Chapter 29 Exercise and physical activity in pregnancy
- Chapter 30 Foods, exposures, and lifestyle risk factors in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 31 Cultural and traditional food practices in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 32 Traditional and herbal remedies in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 33 Maternal stress in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 34 Effects of maternal age on pregnancy outcomes
- Chapter 35 Paternal factors that affect conception and pregnancy
- Section 4 A management guide—from before conception to weaning
- Chapter 36 Guidelines for the pre-conception period
- Chapter 37 Guidelines for pregnancy
- Chapter 38 Guidelines for breastfeeding and weaning
- References
- Subject Index