- Preface
- Acknowledgements
- Abbreviations
- Section 1 Fundamentals of healthy nutrition and lifestyle
- Chapter 1 The importance of nutrition and lifestyle to healthy development
- Chapter 2 Conceptual background to healthy growth and development
- Section 2 Nutritional requirements of pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 3 Practicalities: understanding nutrient recommendations
- Chapter 4 Macronutrients and fibre requirements during pregnancy
- Chapter 5 Polyunsaturated fatty acids in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 6 Vitamin A in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 7 Vitamin B<sub>1</sub> (thiamine) in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 8 Vitamin B<sub>2</sub> (riboflavin) in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 9 Vitamin B<sub>3</sub> (niacin) in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 10 Vitamin B<sub>6</sub> (pyridoxine) in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 11 Vitamin B<sub>7</sub> (biotin) in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 12 Vitamin B<sub>9</sub> (folate) in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 13 Vitamin B<sub>12</sub> (cobalamin) in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 14 Choline in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 15 Vitamin D in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 16 Vitamin K in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 17 Vitamins C and E and other antioxidants in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 18 Calcium in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 19 Iodine in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 20 Iron in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 21 Magnesium in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 22 Potassium in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 23 Selenium in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 24 Copper in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 25 Zinc in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 26 Manganese in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 27 Prebiotics and probiotics in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Section 3 A healthy lifestyle for a healthy pregnancy
- Chapter 28 Pre-conception maternal body composition and gestational weight gain
- Chapter 29 Exercise and physical activity in pregnancy
- Chapter 30 Foods, exposures, and lifestyle risk factors in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 31 Cultural and traditional food practices in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 32 Traditional and herbal remedies in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 33 Maternal stress in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 34 Effects of maternal age on pregnancy outcomes
- Chapter 35 Paternal factors that affect conception and pregnancy
- Section 4 A management guide—from before conception to weaning
- Chapter 36 Guidelines for the pre-conception period
- Chapter 37 Guidelines for pregnancy
- Chapter 38 Guidelines for breastfeeding and weaning
- References
- Subject Index
(p. 102) Choline in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter:
- (p. 102) Choline in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Author(s):
Sir Peter Gluckman
, Mark Hanson
, Chong Yap Seng
, and Anne Bardsley
- DOI:
- 10.1093/med/9780198722700.003.0014
Choline is required for the structural integrity of cell membranes and is involved in methyl-group metabolism, neurotransmission, transmembrane signalling, and lipid and cholesterol transport and metabolism. Choline is critical during fetal and neonatal life to ensure optimal brain and cognitive development. There is an intersection of the pathways of choline, folate, and vitamin B12 in the formation of methionine from homocysteine. Maternal peri-conceptional deficiency for choline, like folate, is associated with an increased risk of neural tube defects in the offspring. It is recommended that pregnant women do not restrict fat severely from their diets, as choline is derived from the lipid content of food. Strict vegetarian or vegan diets may be low in choline. The high secretion rate of choline into breast milk means that lactating women have a high demand, and multivitamins containing choline may be helpful for both pregnancy and breastfeeding.
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- Preface
- Acknowledgements
- Abbreviations
- Section 1 Fundamentals of healthy nutrition and lifestyle
- Chapter 1 The importance of nutrition and lifestyle to healthy development
- Chapter 2 Conceptual background to healthy growth and development
- Section 2 Nutritional requirements of pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 3 Practicalities: understanding nutrient recommendations
- Chapter 4 Macronutrients and fibre requirements during pregnancy
- Chapter 5 Polyunsaturated fatty acids in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 6 Vitamin A in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 7 Vitamin B<sub>1</sub> (thiamine) in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 8 Vitamin B<sub>2</sub> (riboflavin) in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 9 Vitamin B<sub>3</sub> (niacin) in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 10 Vitamin B<sub>6</sub> (pyridoxine) in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 11 Vitamin B<sub>7</sub> (biotin) in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 12 Vitamin B<sub>9</sub> (folate) in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 13 Vitamin B<sub>12</sub> (cobalamin) in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 14 Choline in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 15 Vitamin D in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 16 Vitamin K in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 17 Vitamins C and E and other antioxidants in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 18 Calcium in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 19 Iodine in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 20 Iron in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 21 Magnesium in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 22 Potassium in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 23 Selenium in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 24 Copper in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 25 Zinc in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 26 Manganese in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 27 Prebiotics and probiotics in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Section 3 A healthy lifestyle for a healthy pregnancy
- Chapter 28 Pre-conception maternal body composition and gestational weight gain
- Chapter 29 Exercise and physical activity in pregnancy
- Chapter 30 Foods, exposures, and lifestyle risk factors in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 31 Cultural and traditional food practices in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 32 Traditional and herbal remedies in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 33 Maternal stress in pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Chapter 34 Effects of maternal age on pregnancy outcomes
- Chapter 35 Paternal factors that affect conception and pregnancy
- Section 4 A management guide—from before conception to weaning
- Chapter 36 Guidelines for the pre-conception period
- Chapter 37 Guidelines for pregnancy
- Chapter 38 Guidelines for breastfeeding and weaning
- References
- Subject Index