M. Estée Török, Fiona J. Cooke, and Ed Moran
simplex
Herpes simplex
Varicella-zoster
virus
Varicella-zoster
virus
Infectious mononucleosis
Infectious mononucleosis
Epstein–Barr
virus
Epstein–Barr
virus
Viral gastroenteritis
Viral gastroenteritis
Rotavirus
Rotavirus
Norovirus
Norovirus
Astroviruses
Astroviruses
Hepatitis A
virus
Hepatitis A
virus
Hepatitis B
virus
Hepatitis B
virus
Hepatitis D
virus
Hepatitis D
virus
Hepatitis C
virus
Hepatitis C
virus
Hepatitis E
virus
Hepatitis E
virus
Hepatitis
viruses
Hepatitis
viruses
HIV virology and immunology
HIV virology
Chris Boshoff
Chapter 15
Viruses
Chris Boshoff
Introduction to
viruses
Viral infection accounts for 15% of all human cancers. Seven
viruses are known to be implicated in human malignancy ( Table 15.1 ). The immune system is crucial in controlling oncogenic
virus-infected cells, as is exemplified by the increased incidence of
virus-induced cancers in immunosuppressed individuals. Oncogenesis is a multifactorial process and only a fraction of infected individuals will develop a tumour, particularly in the absence of immunosuppression. Tumour
viruses establish long-term
Simon M. Fox, Angela M. Minassian, Thomas Rawlinson, and Brian J. Angus
Varicella zoster
virus (VZV/HHV-3) Varicella zoster
virus (VZV/HHV-3) 258
HHV-7 HHV-7 HHV-7 261
Hepatitis
viruses Hepatitis
viruses Hepatitis
viruses 262
Hepatitis A Hepatitis A Hepatitis
viruses 263
Hepatitis B Hepatitis B Hepatitis B 265
Hepatitis C Hepatitis C Hepatitis C 267
Hepatitis D Hepatitis D Hepatitis D 269
Hepatitis E Hepatitis E Hepatitis E 270
Retroviruses Retroviruses Retroviruses 271
Respiratory
viruses Respiratory
viruses Respiratory
viruses 272
Other
viruses of particular relevance in the immunocompromised Other
- In
Medical microbiology: specific pathogen groups
Mark Harrison Dr
every 10–20 years:
● If a cell is infected with 2 distinct influenza
viruses, the genomic RNA of both parental
viruses is replicated and progeny
viruses are assembled that contain segments from both parents, creating a new and different
virus
● Where humans live in close proximity to farm animals, new viral subtypes are more likely to develop as reassortment can occur between influenza A
viruses from different animal/bird species
● Because of antigenic shift, new types of
virus appear that have not been in circulation for many years, therefore many people
- In
Medical microbiology: specific pathogen groups
Mark Harrison Dr
Chapter C16 Gastrointestinal
viruses
Contents
16.1
16.1 Rotavirus
Rotavirus
16.2
16.2 Norovirus
Norovirus
16.1 Rotavirus
16.1.1 Epidemiology
● Causes severe gastroenteritis, especially in children and infants.
● Responsible for 50% of cases of severe diarrhoea in children under 2 years.
● Seasonal variation in incidence, peaking in winter months.
● Faecal–oral transmission from contaminated food, water, and surfaces.
● Rotavirus survives for extended periods on surfaces
Robin A. Weiss
screening for the
virus in order to prevent transmission, and immunization as in the cases of hepatitis B
virus and human papilloma
virus.
Viruses as aetiological agents of cancer
Oncogenic
viruses establish persistent infections, which usually occur decades before malignancy. Table 8.5.26.1 lists the
viruses implicated in human cancer. In most, but not all cases, the viral genome is present in the malignant cells; the exceptions appear to be those that promote cancer indirectly, such as HIV and hepatitis C
virus (HCV). Several of these
viruses and the n
Susannah J.A. Froude and Harriet C. Hughes
addition to respiratory coronaviruses, emerging
viruses that might be of particular global public health importance include Zika
virus and severe fever and thrombocytopenia syndrome
virus. Other emerging
viruses of importance include bocavirus, Bufavirus, PARV4, human parechovirus, Itaya, Heartland, and Bourbon
virus. The human pathogenicity of other emerging
viruses is less certain.
Coronaviruses
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS, SARS-CoV-1)
Coronaviruses (CoV) are single-stranded RNA
viruses commonly associated with respiratory illness
Malik Peiris
1968) that arose through genetic reassortment of an avian
virus with the prevailing human seasonal influenza
virus, the pandemic
virus of 2009 arose through reassortment between swine
viruses previously documented in North America (so called ‘triple reassortant’ swine
viruses that contained
virus gene segments of swine, avian and human origin) and ‘Eurasian-swine’
viruses. Although the H1 haemagglutinin of both seasonal human and swine influenza
viruses was originally derived from the 1918 ‘Spanish flu’ H1N1
virus, they had antigenically diverged during their subsequent
Shirelle Burton-Fanning and Sheila Waugh
associations.
Other
viruses
Hepatitis D
virus is blood-borne, but can only infect individuals also infected with HBV.
A number of recently identified
viruses have been linked to the blood-borne transmission route (e.g. GB
virus, TT
virus, and Parv4); however, no specific disease associations have been identified.
Many other
viruses have a viraemic phase during infection; however, this is usually of short duration and is not the principal route of transmission (e.g. cytomegalovirus, Epstein–Barr
virus, parvovirus B19, and West Nile
virus).
Prevention
A. Simpson, E. Aarons, and R. Hewson
species. The species currently contains two distinct
viruses: Marburg
virus (MARV) and Ravn
virus (RAVV). There is greater divergence within the Ebolavirus genus and currently five species are recognized: Zaire ebolavirus (the type species; a
virus in this species is Ebola
virus, abbreviated EBOV), Sudan ebolavirus (including Sudan
virus (SUDV)), Reston ebolavirus (including Reston
virus (RESTV)), Tai Forest ebolavirus (including Tai Forest
virus (TAFV)), and Bundibugyo ebolavirus (including Bundibugyo
virus (BDBV)). For several years, the family Filoviridae
Randall C. Walker
least not in the above special populations 3. Specifically, herpes simplex
virus (HSV) type 1, varicella-zoster
virus (VZV), Epstein-Barr
virus, adenovirus, mumps
virus, human parvovirus B19, and coxsackievirus 4. Topics: reviews of these
viruses, focusing on differentiating clinical features, diagnostic tools and treatment, and salient microbiologic and epidemiologic factors II. Herpes Simplex
Virus Type 1 A. Characteristics 1. HSV type 1 (HSV-1) attains latency in sensory neurons 2.
Virus reactivation results in shedding from mucosal and cutaneous tissues supplied
Paul Grime and Christopher Conlon
to completely inhibit viral replication. This is a highly specialized area of treatment.
Hepatitis B
virus
HBV is a small DNA
virus which has a major envelope protein, HBsAg, usually called the surface antigen. Contained within this envelope are the core antigen (HBcAg) and the ‘e’ antigen (HBeAg). These two antigens share about 90% of the same amino acids but are structurally quite distinct. Viral replication is complicated and if the
virus is not cleared, viral DNA can persist within the hepatocyte nucleus and can act as a template for viral replication
Matthew Cramp, Ashwin Dhanda, and Nikolai V. Naoumov
Hepatitis
viruses (excluding hepatitis C
virus)
Matthew Cramp , Ashwin Dhanda , and Nikolai V. Naoumov
Essentials
The group of hepatitis
viruses includes five unrelated human
viruses (A to E), which differ in their genome organization, biology, and epidemiology, while being united by their hepatotropism. About 10–15% of cases of viral hepatitis are considered as non-A to E hepatitis, whose aetiology is still unknown, but the search for which has led to the identification of several new
viruses (e.g. hepatitis G
virus or GB
virus-C, TT, and SEN
viruses) of
Philippa C. Matthews
important
viruses
Classification of
viruses Classification of
viruses Classification of
viruses 56
Classification of
viruses
The box below gives an outline of many medically important
viruses but is not intended to be a fully comprehensive summary. Sizes given are the approximate diameter of an average virion
Classification
DNA
viruses
RNA
viruses
Adenoviridae: dsDNA, 80 nm
• Adenovirus—multiple serotypes
Hepadnaviridae: ds/ssDNA, Circular genome, 50 nm
• Hepatitis B
virus (see p.
Philippa C. Matthews
Chapter 8 Infections caused by DNA
viruses
Hepatitis B
virus (HBV, hepadnavirus) Hepatitis B
virus (HBV, hepadnavirus) Hepatitis B
virus (HBV, hepadnavirus) 58
Smallpox Variola Smallpox ( Variola ) Smallpox Variola 60
Hepatitis B
virus (HBV, hepadnavirus)
Microbiology
Diagnosis
Symptoms
Management
• Remember to offer testing for hepatitis A
virus, hepatitis C
virus, hepatitis D
virus, HIV
• Measure hepatitis B
virus DNA level
• Measure ALT
• Assess liver fibrosis/cirrhosis
Philippa C. Matthews
Hepatitis a
virus (HAV) Hepatitis A
virus (HAV) Hepatitis a
virus (HAV) 68
Rotavirus Rotavirus Rotavirus 69
Human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV) Human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV) Human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV) 70
Human T-cell lymphotropic
virus (HTLV) Human T-cell lymphotropic
virus (HTLV) Human T-cell lymphotropic
virus (HTLV) 73
Hepatitis C
virus (HCV) Hepatitis C
virus (HCV) Hepatitis C
virus (HCV) 74
Hepatitis E
virus (HEV) Hepatitis E
virus (HEV) Hepatitis E
virus (HEV) 75
Rabies Rabies Rabies 76
Ebola
virus disease (EVD) Ebola
virus disease
Fabrizio Fabrizi and Michel Jadoul
Kohler, H. (2002). Hepatitis B
virus infection in haemodialysis patients. Semin Nephrol , 22, 340–50.
Go, A. , Chertow, G. , Fan, D. , et al . (2004). Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalizations. N Engl J Med , 351, 1296–305.
Iwasa, Y. , Otsubo, S. , Suqi, O. , et al . (2008). Patterns in the prevalence of hepatitis C
virus infection at the start of haemodialysis in Japan. Clin Exp Nephrol , 12, 53–7.
Kumar, H. , Naqvi, S. , Ahmed, A. , et al . (1994). Hepatitis C
virus antibodies in haemodialyzed versus
Jennifer S. Read
et al. Prolonged detection of Zika
virus RNA in pregnant women. Obstet Gynecol 2016;128:724–730.
76. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) . Zika
Virus—Prevention. Accessed on May 8, 2017, from https://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/index.html .
77. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) . Zika
Virus—Prevention—Prevent Mosquito Bites . Accessed on May 8, 2017, from https://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/prevent-mosquito-bites.html .
78. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) . Zika
Virus—Prevention—Protect Yourself During
Emmaculate Lebo and Susan Reef
rubella
virus in cell culture or rapid detection of rubella RNA by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Throat and nasopharyngeal swabs, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), urine, blood, lens aspirate, or postmortem tissues may be tested for rubella
virus. Although many cell lines are susceptible to rubella, Vero cells are typically used for
virus isolation. Since rubella
virus does not produce a distinct cell cytopathic effect, detection of rubella proteins or RNA is necessary to confirm the presence of
virus in the culture. CRS infants excrete
virus for months
Don Gilden
King MK, DeMasters BK, Tyler KL. West Nile
virus neuroinvasive disease. Ann Neurol60 (3):286–300; 2006. Reprinted with permission from John Wiley and Sons.)
The combined clinical, CSF, and MRI features are characteristic of meningoencephalitis. The skin rash and deep-seated lesions on MRI provide important clues to the causative agent. The skin rash could be produced by meningococcus, tick-borne rickettsial disease such as Rocky Mountain spotted fever, an enterovirus, Epstein Barr
virus (EBV), or West Nile
virus (WNV). Syphilis and Lyme disease also cause
