Figure 6.36 GIVS costing blocks. Block A: maintenance of current routine system (baseline cost) Current levels of investment in immunisation were estimated using available data from 40 Financial Sustainability Plans (Block A1), and extrapolated for the period 2006–2015 by accounting for the impact of inflation and population increases (Block A3). They assume no change in vaccination schedules and no improvement in immunisation coverage levels (Block A2). This does not include campaigns or vaccine costs. Block B: vaccine costs Vaccine costs were estimated by using coverage targets, population projections and applying the most recent available data on unit prices of different vaccine presentations. The estimates account for wastage rates and the need for buffer stock. The cost of safe injection equipment is bundled in the vaccine cost estimates. The element below the line represents the vaccine costs to continue immunisation at 2005 levels, and above the line is the vaccine portion of scaling-up. Block C: scaling-up of routine system This is estimated using an ingredients-based approach. Block D: campaigns A schedule of needed campaigns was generated based on a combination of the projections of vaccine coverage and the epidemiological coverage required to reduce rapidly the burden of disease. Campaign costs include both operational costs and vaccine costs.