Congenital anomalies 326

Pancreatitis 328

Pancreatic insufficiency 335

These are rare. Most anomalies are sporadic. Only the gene coding for the homeodomain protein PDX1 is clearly demonstrated to be causal of pancreatic agenesis. Inactivation or inhibition of signalling molecule sonic hedgehog (Shh) could potentially lead to annular pancreas, pancreatic divisum, and pancreatic ectopia....