Browse

While many effective interventions have been developed with the potential to significantly reduce morbidity and mortality from cancer, they are of no benefit to the health of populations if they cannot be delivered. In response to this challenge, Advancing the Science of Implementation across the Cancer Continuum provides an overview of research that can improve the delivery of evidence-based interventions in cancer prevention, early detection, treatment, and survivorship. Chapters explore the field of implementation science and its application to practice, a broad synthesis of relevant research and case studies illustrating each cancer-focused topic area, and emerging issues at the intersection of research and practice in cancer. Both comprehensive and accessible, this book is an ideal resource for researchers, clinical and public health practitioners, medical and public health students, and health policymakers.Less

Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a devastating yet underrecognized illness. People with BDD are preoccupied with the belief that they look abnormal or ugly—when they actually do not. Their appearance preoccupations cause clinically significant distress or impairment in occupational, academic, social, or other areas of functioning. Psychosocial functioning and quality of life are typically markedly impaired, and rates of suicidality are very high. BDD is common, yet this disorder often goes undiagnosed and untreated. This book provides an up-to-date, comprehensive, and clinically focused overview of this intriguing, complex, and often severe disorder. The book contains nine sections: (1) patients, history, and classification; (2) phenomenology and epidemiology; (3) morbidity; (4) BDD in special populations; (5) assessment; (6) etiology and pathophysiology; (7) recommended treatments; (8) cosmetic treatment; and (9) BDD’s relationship to other disorders. Measures for assessing BDD are provided in the Appendix. Written by leading researchers and clinicians in the field, this book is for anyone who wants to better understand BDD, help patients overcome it, or conduct scientific research to advance knowledge. It is for mental health clinicians, primary care clinicians, and pediatricians, as well as surgeons, dermatologists, and others who provide cosmetic (aesthetic) treatment; cosmetic treatment is commonly received but virtually never alleviates BDD symptoms. This book is also for researchers and students who are interested in anxiety disorders, eating disorders, and obsessive-compulsive and related disorders. Although it is geared toward a professional audience, this book is also for anyone who is interested in or has been affected by BDD.Less

This book is intended to target a broad audience of clinicians, clinical researchers, students in geriatrics and gerontology fields, and family caregivers of older adults interested in complementary, alternative, and integrative medicine. It provides an update on recent research in integrative medicine used for the treatment and prevention of mental, cognitive, and physical disorders of aging. The content of this book will increase clinicians’ familiarity with recent research findings in the field of integrative medicine, and will broaden their understanding of the use of these interventions in clinical practice. The discussion of the data is provided in textbook format, covering different fields of integrative medicine and written by an international group of opinion leaders and researchers in their respective areas of expertise; thus this work can be used for training by students of integrative medicine and gerontology. Individual chapters can be used as references on a particular topic for interested individuals and can be obtained online. Clinicians and researchers who are dedicated to the treatment and study of older adults might consider this volume an essential part of their library.Less

Psychiatric factors play a significant role in the ongoing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pandemic. In less than four decades, advances in HIV medical care and research have transformed acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) from a rapidly fatal illness of unknown cause into a chronic, manageable illness. Vast strides have been made in clinical care and pathogenesis research in the fields of HIV prevention and psychiatric care, including pre- (PreP) and and post-exposure (PEP) prophylaxis. Although AIDS is an entirely preventable infectious illness, HIV transmission continues throughout the world. Transmission of HIV continues to be fueled by many factors, including stigma of HIV and mental illness as well as discrimination, criminalization, and risky behaviors. A comprehensive biopsychosocial approach to sexual health and mental health and diminution of stigma are key to both HIV prevention and HIV care. Integration of psychiatric care into HIV prevention and treatment entails use of a biopsychosocial approach that maintains a view of each individual with HIV as a member of a family, community, and society who deserves to be treated with dignity and compassion. This textbook provides an update on HIV medicine and psychiatry; introduces the concept of HIV/AIDS as “the great magnifier of maladies”; explores the paradoxes and disparities of HIV care; explains how HIV psychiatry is a paradigm for the psychiatric care of the medically ill (psychosomatic medicine); and sets the stage for an understanding of how integrated care can prevent transmission of HIV and reduce morbidity and mortality in persons with HIV.Less

The majority of people who experience incarceration have a history of harmful alcohol, tobacco, and/or illicit drug use. Some discontinue use of these substances while in custody. Others—notably including some people who inject drugs—continue to use drugs in prison, typically in avoidably high-risk circumstances. Rapid relapse to risky substance use after release from prison is common and is associated with a range of health and social problems, and increased risk of both death and reincarceration. Effective measures to reduce the incarceration of people who use drugs, and to minimize drug-related harms both in prison and after release from custody, are urgently required. However, the evidence base to inform effective responses remains weak, and implementation of evidence-based responses remains patchy. Drawing on the expertise of 40 authors from 10 countries, this book reviews what is known about the epidemiology of substance use in people who experience incarceration. It presents what is known about the health, social, and criminal justice consequences of harmful substance use in this population and discusses key policy reforms that have the potential to achieve better health outcomes. In addition to reviewing what is known, the book identifies key knowledge gaps and makes recommendations for future research.Less

Embodied Selves and Divided Minds examines how research in embodied cognition and enactivism can contribute to our understanding of the nature of self-consciousness, the metaphysics of personal identity, and the disruptions to self-awareness that occur in cases of psychopathology. It begins with the assumption that if we take embodiment seriously and view the self as physically grounded in the living animal body, then we will be in a better position to make sense of how a minded subject persists across time. However, instead of relying solely on puzzle cases to discuss diachronic persistence and the sense of self, this work looks to schizophrenia and dissociative identity disorder as case studies. Here we find real-life examples of disruptions to embodied self-experience that appear to indicate a fragmentation of the self. Rather than concluding that these disorders count as genuine instances of multiplicity, the book’s discussion of the self and personal identity allows us to understand the characteristic symptoms of these disorders as significant disruptions to self-consciousness. The concluding chapter then examines the implications of this theoretical framework for the clinical treatment of schizophrenia and dissociative identity disorder. Thus, the work as a whole reveals how a critical dialogue between Philosophy and Psychiatry can contribute to new insights about self-consciousness, personal identity, and psychopathology.Less

Pity, disgust, fear, cure, and prevention—all are words that Americans have used to make sense of what today we call intellectual disability. Inventing the Feeble Mind explores the history of this disability in the United States from its several identifications over the past 200 years—idiocy, imbecility, feeblemindedness, mental defect, mental deficiency, mental retardation, and most recently intellectual disability. Using institutional records, private correspondence, personal memories, and rare photographs, James Trent argues that the economic vulnerability of intellectually disabled people (and often their families), more than the claims made for their intellectual and social limitations, has shaped meaning, services, and policies in United States history.Less

This book addresses (1) candidate mechanisms across addictive behaviors, including impulsivity (Chapters 1–5); reward sensitivity (Chapter 2); behavioral sensitization and cross-sensitization to addictive, stressful, or endogenous illness-related stimuli (Chapters 1, 5–8, 13); and genetics (Chapter 11). Addictions frequently combine with other psychiatric disorders; each increases severity of the other (Chapters 1, 7, 13). Genetic or epigenetic mechanisms underlying addictive processes may overlap with those involved in predisposing illnesses (Chapters 5, 11, 13). Addressed are (2) resilience to addictions despite substance use (Chapters 1, 3–5, 7, 13); (3) clinical contexts of addictive behavior, including nicotine (Chapter 3, early onset), opiates (Chapter 4; resilience and impulsivity), alcohol (Chapter 5; stimulant-like effects), stimulants (Chapter 9), marijuana and cannabinoids (Chapter 10; endocannabinoid systems strategic role in motivation and reward), nonpharmacological addictions (Chapter 8; sexual addictions), and interactions between addictions and other recurrent/progressive brain diseases (Chapters 1, 13). Topics include (4) strategies for addiction prevention and treatment, including targets related to impulsivity (Chapters 1, 2, 4, 5), decision-making (Chapter 2), sensitization (Chapters 1, 13), and prevention (Chapters 5, 13); nonpharmacological treatments for impulsivity (Chapters 2, 4), decision-making (Chapter 2), and sensitization prevention (Chapter 13), pharmacogenetics (Chapter 11), and study design and analysis strategies that account for complex neurobehavioral interactions underlying addiction treatment (Chapter 12). Chapter 13 integrates addictive and other psychiatric diseases, especially regarding progression and sensitization, in a clinically oriented manner. Understanding the basic neurobehavioral mechanisms and sources of resilience against them will lead to more effective prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.Less

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a maladaptive and debilitating psychiatric disorder characterized by an extreme sense of fear at the time of trauma occurrence, with characteristic re-experiencing, avoidance, and hyperarousal symptoms in the months and years following the trauma. PTSD can occur in up to 25% of subjects who have experienced severe psychological trauma, such as combat veterans, refugees, and assault victims. Why are some people resilient, whereas others develop debilitating PTSD? Notably, PTSD is among the most likely of psychiatric disorders to be understood from the perspective of environmental influences interacting with genetic vulnerability, since diagnosis requires a specific, highly traumatizing, fear-evoking experience. In addition, a large amount of evidence now supports a model in which PTSD can be viewed, in part, as a disorder of fear dysregulation. This is particularly exciting because the neural circuitry underlying fear behavior in mammals is among the most well-understood behavioral circuits in neuroscience. Further, the study of fear behavior and its underlying circuitry has led to rapid progress in understanding learning and memory processes. By combining molecular-genetic approaches with a mechanistic understanding of fear circuitry, great progress is possible in the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of PTSD. This book examines the basic neural mechanisms that mediate complex responses and adaptations to psychological trauma; it describes what is currently known about how these biological processes are impaired in individuals with PTSD, and how environmental exposure to trauma interacts with the brain to create the syndrome of PTSD.Less

Prescription Drug Diversion and Pain provides an interdisciplinary overview of medications used to treat chronic pain, and the benefits and risks that are posed by long-term use of opioids. Use of these life-saving medications must be carefully managed to prevent serious side effects, which may include physical dependence, addiction, and even death. In recent years, the risk of these side effects has led to increased attention on the development of alternative treatments for chronic pain. This book not only offers a single, comprehensive source for understanding the specialized nature of the opioid crisis, but also addresses provocative topics including how pain drugs came to be regulated by the US government and the rarely discussed aggressive marketing behind the spread of these drugs. Chapters are written by expert contributors from diverse backgrounds in medicine, psychiatry, pharmacy, nursing, law, and bioethics. Prescription Drug Diversion and Pain is a must-read for healthcare professionals, chronic pain patients and caregivers, policymakers and regulatory officials, drug treatment providers, and those in the pharmaceutical industry seeking to address the current opioid crisis.Less

Psychiatric Genetics: A Primer for Clinical and Basic Scientists provides a straightforward introduction to the essentials of psychiatric genetics, complementing available comprehensive textbooks that may seem overwhelming for those new to the field. Written and edited by leaders of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics (ISPG), the main goal of this book is to educate clinicians and scientists about psychiatric genetics, as psychiatrists and other mental health care professionals are increasingly confronted with questions about genetics, psychiatric illness, and the clinical applications of new genetic findings. The book covers all major aspects of psychiatric genetics, including basic epidemiology, recruitment for human studies, phenotyping strategies, formal genetic and molecular genetic studies, statistical genetics, bioinformatics and genomics, pharmacogenetics, the most relevant animal models, and biobanking. Each chapter begins with a list of “take home” points that summarizes content, followed by a brief overview of current knowledge and suggestions for further reading. This Primer is ideal for medical students, psychiatric residents, psychiatrists, and basic neuroscience researchers who are interested in learning the basic concepts of psychiatric genetics and the advances in the field.Less

Psychiatry, once proud of its biopsychosocial model, has now adopted a neuroscience-based approach that strongly favors psychopharmacological treatments and downplays the role of psychotherapies (or social interventions). This kind of practice can be sufficient for the psychoses, but it is neither evidence-based nor beneficial for patients with common mental disorders such as depression, anxiety, substance use, and personality disorders. Current practice derives from a theoretical model in which psychiatry is viewed primarily as an application of neuroscience, with little reference to the vast literature on psychology, social sciences, and psychotherapy. This book reviews research bearing on these issues, and it shows why existing data support a different set of conclusions from those held by many experts and most practitioners. Common mental disorders often require psychological interventions. This book reviews the evidence supporting the prescription of psychotherapy in these disorders. It shows how this option, particularly when time-limited, is both accessible and cost-effective. It discusses why psychiatrists are not offering psychological treatments, as well as the problem of access to these interventions. It also discusses why psychotherapy, like psychopharmacology, should not be considered a panacea for every kind of clinical problem but, rather, should be prescribed with care based on a large body of scientific evidence.Less

This book covers the implementation of telemental health (TMH) in resource-limited global settings. This book focuses on the current state of the technology, the different modalities, and the emergence of mobile-health. The global applicability, especially in resource-limited settings, is a new frontier for implementation sciences, and one that is proposed to reduce the mental health gap. The book reviews the global application of TMH internationally with examples from each continent. Case studies of TMH implementation from India, Taiwan, Africa, the Middle East, and more are layed out in this book. In addition, the book discusses provision of such care to underserved resource-limited populations globally, such as refugees in Denmark, Native Americans in the United States, and Aboriginal populations in Australia. This book promises a collective review of global TMH and hopes to provide anchorage for scholars and researches interested in this developing field.Less