Contents
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Alzheimer’s Disease and the Dementia Syndrome Alzheimer’s Disease and the Dementia Syndrome
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Diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer’s disease: ICD-10, DSM-IV, and draft DSM-5 criteria Diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer’s disease: ICD-10, DSM-IV, and draft DSM-5 criteria
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New emerging criteria New emerging criteria
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International Working Group for New Research criteria for the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease International Working Group for New Research criteria for the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease
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NIA/AA diagnostic criteria NIA/AA diagnostic criteria
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Conclusion Conclusion
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Differential diagnosis Differential diagnosis
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Summary Summary
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Clinical Features of Alzheimer’s Disease Clinical Features of Alzheimer’s Disease
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Cognitive symptoms Cognitive symptoms
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Amnesia Amnesia
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Aphasia (dysphasia) Aphasia (dysphasia)
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Apraxia (dyspraxia) Apraxia (dyspraxia)
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Agnosia and visuospatial dysfunction Agnosia and visuospatial dysfunction
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Frontal-executive dysfunction Frontal-executive dysfunction
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Other cognitive deficits Other cognitive deficits
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Neuropsychiatric and other non-cognitive symptoms Neuropsychiatric and other non-cognitive symptoms
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Psychotic symptoms Psychotic symptoms
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Delusions Delusions
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Misidentification syndromes Misidentification syndromes
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Hallucinations Hallucinations
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Management of psychosis in AD Management of psychosis in AD
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Mood changes Mood changes
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Behavioural symptoms Behavioural symptoms
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Apathy Apathy
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Overactivity and aberrant motor activity Overactivity and aberrant motor activity
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Aggression and agitation Aggression and agitation
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Neurovegetative symptoms Neurovegetative symptoms
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Sleep Sleep
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Eating Eating
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Sexual disinhibition Sexual disinhibition
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Personality changes Personality changes
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Physical symptoms Physical symptoms
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Neurological Neurological
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Incontinence Incontinence
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General physical changes General physical changes
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Summary Summary
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Pharmacological treatment of aggression, agitation, and psychosis in AD Pharmacological treatment of aggression, agitation, and psychosis in AD
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Antipsychotics Antipsychotics
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Antidepressants and mood stabilizers Antidepressants and mood stabilizers
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Cholinesterase inhibitors Cholinesterase inhibitors
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Memantine Memantine
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Conclusion Conclusion
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Risk Factors for Alzheimer’s Disease Risk Factors for Alzheimer’s Disease
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Demographic risk factors Demographic risk factors
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Age Age
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Sex Sex
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Ethnicity, race, country, and culture Ethnicity, race, country, and culture
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Genetic risk factors Genetic risk factors
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Family history Family history
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Down’s syndrome Down’s syndrome
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Apolipoprotein E polymorphism Apolipoprotein E polymorphism
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Autosomal dominant gene mutations and other genes Autosomal dominant gene mutations and other genes
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Education, intelligence, mental activities, and cognitive reserve Education, intelligence, mental activities, and cognitive reserve
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Depression Depression
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Vascular risk factors Vascular risk factors
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Head injury Head injury
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Other possible risk factors Other possible risk factors
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Metals Metals
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Smoking Smoking
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Homocysteine, vitamin B12, and folate Homocysteine, vitamin B12, and folate
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Oestrogen Oestrogen
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Frailty and weight loss Frailty and weight loss
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Protective factors Protective factors
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Anti-inflammatory medication Anti-inflammatory medication
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Vitamins, antioxidants, and nutritional supplements Vitamins, antioxidants, and nutritional supplements
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Physical, cognitive, and social activity Physical, cognitive, and social activity
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Alcohol Alcohol
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Prognosis of Alzheimer’s Disease Prognosis of Alzheimer’s Disease
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The natural history of Alzheimer’s disease The natural history of Alzheimer’s disease
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Institutionalization Institutionalization
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Death Death
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Measuring rates of decline Measuring rates of decline
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Predicting rates of decline Predicting rates of decline
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The effects of drug treatment on prognosis The effects of drug treatment on prognosis
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Conclusion Conclusion
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References References
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Cite
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a well recognised clinicopathological entity and the most common cause of dementia. This chapter critiques the several sets of newly proposed criteria for making the diagnosis of (AD) at different stages in the disease process, in the context of demand for earlier diagnosis and emerging biomarkers. The differential diagnosis and types of different cognitive symptoms are reviewed and the prevalence and pattern of the many non-cognitive symptoms associated with AD are considered. The management of non-cognitive symptoms is also updated, especially the circumstances in which antipsychotic drugs might be prescribed. And finally a summary of our current understanding of the aetiology (evidence for risk and protective factors for AD ) and the prognosis for AD is provided.
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