- Preface to the fifth edition
- Introduction to Volume 1: The scope of public health
- Introduction to Volume 2: The methods of public health
- Introduction to Volume 3: The practice of public health
- List of contributors
- 1.1 The scope and concerns of public health
- 1.2 The history and development of public health in developed countries
- 1.3 The history and development of public health in low- and middle-income countries
- 1.4 The development of the discipline of public health in countries in economic transition: India, Brazil, China
- 2.1 Globalization
- 2.2 Overview and framework
- 2.3 Behavioural determinants of health and disease
- 2.4 Genomics and public health
- 2.5 Water and sanitation
- 2.6 Food and nutrition
- 2.7 Infectious diseases
- 2.8 The global environment
- 2.9 Health services as determinants of population health
- 2.10 Assessing health needs: The global burden of disease approach
- 3.1 Overview of policies and strategies
- 3.2 Public health policy in developed countries
- 3.3 Health policy in developing countries
- 3.4 Leadership in public health
- 4.1 The right to the highest attainable standard of health1
- 4.2 Comparative national public health legislation
- 4.3 International public health instruments
- 4.4 Ethical principles and ethical issues in public health1
- 5.1 Information systems in support of public health in high-income countries
- 5.2 Information systems and community diagnosis in low- and middle-income countries
- 5.3 Web-based public health information dissemination and evaluation
- 6.1 Epidemiology: The foundation of public health
- 6.2 Ecologic variables, ecologic studies, and multilevel studies in public health research
- 6.3 Cross-sectional studies
- 6.4 Principles of outbreak investigation
- 6.5 Case–control studies*
- 6.6 Cohort studis
- 6.7 Methodology of intervention trials in individuals
- 6.8 Methodological issues in the design and analysis of community intervention trials
- 6.9 Community-based intervention studies in high-income countries
- 6.10 Community-based intervention trials in low- and middle-income countries
- 6.11 Clinical epidemiology
- 6.12 Validity and bias in epidemiological research
- 6.13 Causation and causal inference
- 6.14 Systematic reviews and meta-analysis
- 6.15 Statistical methods
- 6.16 Mathematical models of transmission and control
- 6.17 Public health surveillance
- 7.1 Sociology and psychology in public health
- 7.2 Demography and public health
- 7.3 Health promotion, health education, and the public’s health
- 7.4 Cost-effectiveness analysis: Concepts and applications
- 7.5 Governance and management of public health programmes
- 7.6 Public health sciences and policy in high-income countries
- 7.7 Public health sciences and policy in low-and middle-income countries
- 8.1 Environmental health issues in public health
- 8.2 Radiation and public health
- 8.3 Control of microbial threats: Population surveillance, vaccine studies, and the microbiological laboratory
- 8.4 The science of human exposures to contaminants in the environment
- 8.5 Occupational health
- 8.6 Ergonomics and public health
- 8.7 Toxicology and risk assessment in the analysis and management of environmental risk
- 8.8 Risk perception and communication
- 9.1 Gene–environment interactions and public health
- 9.2 Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases
- 9.3 Neoplasms
- 9.4 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma
- 9.5 Obesity
- 9.6 The epidemiology and prevention of diabetes mellitus
- 9.7 Public mental health
- 9.8 Dental public health
- 9.9 Musculoskeletal diseases
- 9.10 Neurologic diseases, epidemiology, and public health
- 9.11 The transmissible spongiform encephalopathies
- 9.12 Sexually transmitted infections
- 9.13 Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
- 9.14 Tuberculosis
- 9.15 Malaria
- 9.16 Chronic hepatitis and other liver disease
- 9.17 Emerging and re-emerging infections
- 10.1 Tobacco
- 10.2 Drug abuse
- 10.3 Alcohol1
- 10.4 Injury prevention and control: The public health approach
- 10.5 Interpersonal violence prevention: A recent public health mandate
- 10.6 Collective violence: War
- 10.7 Urban health in low- and middle-income countries
- 10.8 Public health aspects of bioterrorism
- 11.1 The changing family
- 11.2 Women, men, and health
- 11.3 Child health
- 11.4 Adolescent health
- 11.5 Ethnic minorities and indigenous peoples
- 11.6 People with disabilities
- 11.7 Health of older people
- 11.8 Forced migrants and other displaced populations
- 12.1 Need: What is it and how do we measure it?
- 12.2 Needs assessment: A practical approach
- 12.3 Socioeconomic inequalities in health in high-income countries: The facts and the options
- 12.4 Reducing health inequalities in developing countries
- 12.5 Prevention and control of chronic, non-communicable diseases1
- 12.6 Principles of infectious disease control
- 12.7 Population screening and public health
- 12.8 Environmental health practice
- 12.9 Structures and strategies for public health intervention
- 12.10 Strategies for health services
- 12.11 Public health workers
- 12.12 Planning for and responding to public health needs in emergencies and disasters
- 12.13 Private support of public health
- 12.14 Global health agenda for the twenty-first century
- Index
Cohort studis
- Chapter:
- Cohort studis
- Author(s):
Alvaro Muñoz,
F. Javier Nieto
Cohort studies constitute one of the basic types of designs in epidemiologic research. The key element of cohort studies is time. Specifically, a cohort (i.e. group of individuals) who at enrolment is free from the disease (i.e. outcome) whose natural history is of interest and who have heterogeneous profiles of putative risk factors (whose simplest form is as exposed or unexposed) is followed over time. The central aim of this type of study is to determine the occurrence of an event of interest (e.g. disease, death) and to characterize its heterogeneity according to constellations of risk factors.
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- Preface to the fifth edition
- Introduction to Volume 1: The scope of public health
- Introduction to Volume 2: The methods of public health
- Introduction to Volume 3: The practice of public health
- List of contributors
- 1.1 The scope and concerns of public health
- 1.2 The history and development of public health in developed countries
- 1.3 The history and development of public health in low- and middle-income countries
- 1.4 The development of the discipline of public health in countries in economic transition: India, Brazil, China
- 2.1 Globalization
- 2.2 Overview and framework
- 2.3 Behavioural determinants of health and disease
- 2.4 Genomics and public health
- 2.5 Water and sanitation
- 2.6 Food and nutrition
- 2.7 Infectious diseases
- 2.8 The global environment
- 2.9 Health services as determinants of population health
- 2.10 Assessing health needs: The global burden of disease approach
- 3.1 Overview of policies and strategies
- 3.2 Public health policy in developed countries
- 3.3 Health policy in developing countries
- 3.4 Leadership in public health
- 4.1 The right to the highest attainable standard of health1
- 4.2 Comparative national public health legislation
- 4.3 International public health instruments
- 4.4 Ethical principles and ethical issues in public health1
- 5.1 Information systems in support of public health in high-income countries
- 5.2 Information systems and community diagnosis in low- and middle-income countries
- 5.3 Web-based public health information dissemination and evaluation
- 6.1 Epidemiology: The foundation of public health
- 6.2 Ecologic variables, ecologic studies, and multilevel studies in public health research
- 6.3 Cross-sectional studies
- 6.4 Principles of outbreak investigation
- 6.5 Case–control studies*
- 6.6 Cohort studis
- 6.7 Methodology of intervention trials in individuals
- 6.8 Methodological issues in the design and analysis of community intervention trials
- 6.9 Community-based intervention studies in high-income countries
- 6.10 Community-based intervention trials in low- and middle-income countries
- 6.11 Clinical epidemiology
- 6.12 Validity and bias in epidemiological research
- 6.13 Causation and causal inference
- 6.14 Systematic reviews and meta-analysis
- 6.15 Statistical methods
- 6.16 Mathematical models of transmission and control
- 6.17 Public health surveillance
- 7.1 Sociology and psychology in public health
- 7.2 Demography and public health
- 7.3 Health promotion, health education, and the public’s health
- 7.4 Cost-effectiveness analysis: Concepts and applications
- 7.5 Governance and management of public health programmes
- 7.6 Public health sciences and policy in high-income countries
- 7.7 Public health sciences and policy in low-and middle-income countries
- 8.1 Environmental health issues in public health
- 8.2 Radiation and public health
- 8.3 Control of microbial threats: Population surveillance, vaccine studies, and the microbiological laboratory
- 8.4 The science of human exposures to contaminants in the environment
- 8.5 Occupational health
- 8.6 Ergonomics and public health
- 8.7 Toxicology and risk assessment in the analysis and management of environmental risk
- 8.8 Risk perception and communication
- 9.1 Gene–environment interactions and public health
- 9.2 Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases
- 9.3 Neoplasms
- 9.4 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma
- 9.5 Obesity
- 9.6 The epidemiology and prevention of diabetes mellitus
- 9.7 Public mental health
- 9.8 Dental public health
- 9.9 Musculoskeletal diseases
- 9.10 Neurologic diseases, epidemiology, and public health
- 9.11 The transmissible spongiform encephalopathies
- 9.12 Sexually transmitted infections
- 9.13 Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
- 9.14 Tuberculosis
- 9.15 Malaria
- 9.16 Chronic hepatitis and other liver disease
- 9.17 Emerging and re-emerging infections
- 10.1 Tobacco
- 10.2 Drug abuse
- 10.3 Alcohol1
- 10.4 Injury prevention and control: The public health approach
- 10.5 Interpersonal violence prevention: A recent public health mandate
- 10.6 Collective violence: War
- 10.7 Urban health in low- and middle-income countries
- 10.8 Public health aspects of bioterrorism
- 11.1 The changing family
- 11.2 Women, men, and health
- 11.3 Child health
- 11.4 Adolescent health
- 11.5 Ethnic minorities and indigenous peoples
- 11.6 People with disabilities
- 11.7 Health of older people
- 11.8 Forced migrants and other displaced populations
- 12.1 Need: What is it and how do we measure it?
- 12.2 Needs assessment: A practical approach
- 12.3 Socioeconomic inequalities in health in high-income countries: The facts and the options
- 12.4 Reducing health inequalities in developing countries
- 12.5 Prevention and control of chronic, non-communicable diseases1
- 12.6 Principles of infectious disease control
- 12.7 Population screening and public health
- 12.8 Environmental health practice
- 12.9 Structures and strategies for public health intervention
- 12.10 Strategies for health services
- 12.11 Public health workers
- 12.12 Planning for and responding to public health needs in emergencies and disasters
- 12.13 Private support of public health
- 12.14 Global health agenda for the twenty-first century
- Index