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Introduction Introduction
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Aetiology Aetiology
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Epidemiology Epidemiology
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Postnatally acquired infection Postnatally acquired infection
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Congenital infection Congenital infection
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Risk to the fetus Risk to the fetus
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Clinical features Clinical features
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Laboratory diagnosis Laboratory diagnosis
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Management of rubella-like illness during pregnancy Management of rubella-like illness during pregnancy
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Prevention Prevention
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Vaccination in pregnancy Vaccination in pregnancy
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Likely developments Likely developments
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Further reading Further reading
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7.5.13 Rubella
Get access-
Published:May 2010
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This version:May 2012
Updated in this version:
July 30, 2015: This chapter has been re-evaluated and remains up-to-date. No changes have been necessary.
Update:
Epidemiology and prevention in Africa and other developing regions.
Cite
Extract
Essentials
Introduction
Rubella is a mild exanthematous disease of little clinical significance. However, infection in early pregnancy may result in multiple congenital abnormalities, often referred to as ‘congenital rubella syndrome’. As a result of the widespread use of rubella vaccine, congenital rubella syndrome is now rare in many countries.
Aetiology
Rubella is caused by rubella virus, an enveloped RNA virus, which is classified in its own genus Rubivirus within the family Togaviridae. There are no major antigenic differences among rubella virus isolates, although at least seven genotypes have been described.
Epidemiology
Humans are the only known host for rubella virus. In temperate zones the infection is seen predominantly in spring and early summer. Before the introduction of rubella vaccine, rubella was endemic in virtually all countries. Epidemics were superimposed on the endemic infection every 4 to 9 years and pandemics every 10 to 30 years. In most populations, in the absence of a mass immunization programme, 10 to 20% of women are still susceptible to rubella infection when they reach child-bearing age. A review by the World Health Organization in 2000 estimated that more than 100 000 infants were born with congenital rubella syndrome each year in developing countries. In Africa, rubella virus circulates widely but the full impact of congenital rubella syndrome is unclear. In 1996 it was estimated that 22 500 infants with congenital rubella syndrome were born annually in the WHO African Region.
July 30, 2015: This chapter has been re-evaluated and remains up-to-date. No changes have been necessary.
Update:
Epidemiology and prevention in Africa ...More
July 30, 2015: This chapter has been re-evaluated and remains up-to-date. No changes have been necessary.
Update:
Epidemiology and prevention in Africa and other developing regions.
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