- Dedication
- Preface
- Foreword
- Contributors
- Introduction
- 1 Autism Spectrum Disorders: Looking Backward and Looking Forward
- 2 Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorders
- 3 Asperger’s Syndrome: From Asperger to Modern Day
- 4 Regression and Other Patterns of Onset
- 5 Screening, Risk, and Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorders
- 6 Epidemiology of Pervasive Developmental Disorders
- 7 Culture and Autism Spectrum Disorders: The Impact on Prevalence and Recognition
- Commentary: Issues in the Classification of Pervasive Developmental Disorders
- 8 The Social Behavior of Autism: A Parallel and Distributed Information Processing Perspective
- 9 Language and Communication in Autism Spectrum Disorders
- 10 Cognitive and Neural Correlates of Language in Autism
- 11 Repetitive Behaviors in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders
- 12 Developmental Features and Trajectories Associated with Autism Spectrum Disorders in Infants and Toddlers
- 13 Development from Preschool Through School Age
- 14 Adolescents and Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders
- Commentary: Issues in Defining the Core Features of Autism Through the Lifespan
- 15 Intellectual Disabilities and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Cautionary Note
- 16 Comorbid Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders
- 17 Interface Between Autism Spectrum Disorders and Obsessive-Compulsive Behaviors: A Genetic and Developmental Perspective
- 18 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
- 19 Specific Language Impairment
- 20 Anxiety and Mood Disorders in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder
- 21 Stereotypy and Self-Injury
- 22 Motor Functioning and Dyspraxia in Autism Spectrum Disorders
- 23 Epilepsy and Electroencephalography in Autism Spectrum Disorders
- 24 The Immune System, Autoimmunity, Allergy, and Autism Spectrum Disorders
- 25 Gastrointestinal Problems in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders
- 26 Sleep Problems
- Perspective Article: Autism as a Medical Disorder
- 27 The Broad Autism Phenotype
- 28 The Biological Broader Autism Phenotype
- 29 Autism as a Quantitative Trait
- Commentary: The Broader Autism Phenotype: Implications for Research and Clinical Practice
- 30 Developmental Neurobiology of Autism Spectrum Disorders
- 31 Neuropathology of Autism Spectrum Disorders: Postmortem Studies
- 32 Neurotransmitters
- 33 Brain Chemistry: Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
- 34 Oxytocin, Vasopressin, and Social Behavior: Implications for Autism Spectrum Disorders
- 35 From Toddlers to Adults: The Changing Landscape of the Brain in Autism
- 36 Autism as a Developmental Neurobiological Disorder: New Insights from Functional Neuroimaging
- 37 Electrophysiological Research on Autism
- Commentary: Toward a Neurobiology of Autism
- 38 Whole Genome Linkage and Association Analyses
- 39 Autism Endophenotypes and Quantitative Trait Loci
- 40 Autism Subgroups from a Medical Genetics Perspective
- 41 Rare Genetic Variants and Autism Spectrum Disorders
- 42 Known and Possible Roles of Epigenetics in Autism
- 43 Isolated Populations and Common Variants
- 44 Isolate Populations and Rare Variation in Autism Spectrum Disorders
- 45 Rett Syndrome and MECP2-Related Disorders
- 46 Fragile X: A Molecular and Treatment Model for Autism Spectrum Disorders
- Commentary: Autism Genetics and Genomics: A Brief Overview and Synthesis
- 47 Environmental Risk Factors in Autism: Results from Large-Scale Epidemiologic Studies
- 48 Environmental Exposures That Increase the Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorders
- 49 Autism and Environmental Genomics: Synergistic Systems Approaches to Autism Complexity
- 50 Zebrafish As a Tool to Study Autism
- 51 Behavioral Evaluation of Genetic Mouse Models of Autism
- 52 Modeling Features of Autism in Rodents
- 53 Nonhuman Primate Models of Autism
- 54 Autism as a Disorder of Functional Brain Connectivity
- 55 The Extreme Male Brain Theory of Autism: The Role of Fetal Androgens
- 56 The Mirror Neuron System and Imitation
- 57 Information Processing and Integration
- Commentary: Translation Between Different Types of Model
- 58 Applied Behavior Analysis and Early Intensive Behavioral Intervention
- 59 Naturalistic Approaches to Early Behavioral Intervention
- 60 Relationship-Based Early Intervention Approach to Autistic Spectrum Disorders: The Developmental, Individual Difference, Relationship-Based Model (The DIR Model)
- 61 Intervention for Infants and Toddlers with Autism Spectrum Disorders
- 62 Relationships, Independence, and Communication in Autism and Asperger’s Disorder
- 63 Occupational Therapy
- 64 Augmentative and Alternative Communication Systems
- 65 Positive Behavior Support and Problem Behavior
- 66 Social Skills Interventions for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders
- 67 Adolescent Transition to Adulthood and Vocational Issues
- 68 Family Adaptive Functioning in Autism
- 69 Psychopharmacological Treatment of Autism
- 70 Autism Spectrum Disorders: Identification and Implications of Associated Medical Conditions
- 71 Dietary, Complementary, and Alternative Therapies
- 72 The mGluR Theory of Fragile X Syndrome
- Commentary: Future Directions in the Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorders
- 73 Best Practices: Early Diagnosis and Psychological Assessment
- 74 Diagnosis and Assessment of Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Medical Perspective
- 75 Best Practice, Policy, and Future Directions: Behavioral and Psychosocial Interventions
- 76 Pharmacotherapy for Autism Spectrum Disorders
- 77 Best Practices: Pediatrics
- Commentary: Bioethical Considerations in Autism Research and Translation: Present and Future
- 78 The Economic Costs of Autism: A Review
- 79 Future Directions: Setting Priorities to Guide the Federal Research Effort
- 80 To Petition the Government for a Redress of Grievances
- 81 Top Priorities for Autism/Asperger’s Research: Perspectives from a Person with Autism
- Index
(p. 213) Developmental Features and Trajectories Associated with Autism Spectrum Disorders in Infants and Toddlers
- Chapter:
- (p. 213) Developmental Features and Trajectories Associated with Autism Spectrum Disorders in Infants and Toddlers
- Author(s):
Rebecca J. Landa
- DOI:
- 10.1093/med/9780195371826.003.0014
This chapter reviews studies on the developmental features, diagnosis, and developmental trajectory associated with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in the first three years of life. The matter of recognizing early signs of developmental disruption is a critical one, as it opens the door to early intervention. Parents and professionals contribute important insights to the early detection process. Early detection of ASD is usually a process, involving suspicion that something is amiss with the child's development, obtaining validation about concern, and discerning whether the diagnosis of ASD is appropriate. Given that the trajectory of development, such as slowing, plateau, or regression, may be a key factor in determining whether development is truly divergent from the typical path, a single point-in-time assessment for a very young child may not conclusively determine whether a diagnosis of ASD is appropriate.
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- Dedication
- Preface
- Foreword
- Contributors
- Introduction
- 1 Autism Spectrum Disorders: Looking Backward and Looking Forward
- 2 Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorders
- 3 Asperger’s Syndrome: From Asperger to Modern Day
- 4 Regression and Other Patterns of Onset
- 5 Screening, Risk, and Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorders
- 6 Epidemiology of Pervasive Developmental Disorders
- 7 Culture and Autism Spectrum Disorders: The Impact on Prevalence and Recognition
- Commentary: Issues in the Classification of Pervasive Developmental Disorders
- 8 The Social Behavior of Autism: A Parallel and Distributed Information Processing Perspective
- 9 Language and Communication in Autism Spectrum Disorders
- 10 Cognitive and Neural Correlates of Language in Autism
- 11 Repetitive Behaviors in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders
- 12 Developmental Features and Trajectories Associated with Autism Spectrum Disorders in Infants and Toddlers
- 13 Development from Preschool Through School Age
- 14 Adolescents and Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders
- Commentary: Issues in Defining the Core Features of Autism Through the Lifespan
- 15 Intellectual Disabilities and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Cautionary Note
- 16 Comorbid Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders
- 17 Interface Between Autism Spectrum Disorders and Obsessive-Compulsive Behaviors: A Genetic and Developmental Perspective
- 18 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
- 19 Specific Language Impairment
- 20 Anxiety and Mood Disorders in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder
- 21 Stereotypy and Self-Injury
- 22 Motor Functioning and Dyspraxia in Autism Spectrum Disorders
- 23 Epilepsy and Electroencephalography in Autism Spectrum Disorders
- 24 The Immune System, Autoimmunity, Allergy, and Autism Spectrum Disorders
- 25 Gastrointestinal Problems in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders
- 26 Sleep Problems
- Perspective Article: Autism as a Medical Disorder
- 27 The Broad Autism Phenotype
- 28 The Biological Broader Autism Phenotype
- 29 Autism as a Quantitative Trait
- Commentary: The Broader Autism Phenotype: Implications for Research and Clinical Practice
- 30 Developmental Neurobiology of Autism Spectrum Disorders
- 31 Neuropathology of Autism Spectrum Disorders: Postmortem Studies
- 32 Neurotransmitters
- 33 Brain Chemistry: Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
- 34 Oxytocin, Vasopressin, and Social Behavior: Implications for Autism Spectrum Disorders
- 35 From Toddlers to Adults: The Changing Landscape of the Brain in Autism
- 36 Autism as a Developmental Neurobiological Disorder: New Insights from Functional Neuroimaging
- 37 Electrophysiological Research on Autism
- Commentary: Toward a Neurobiology of Autism
- 38 Whole Genome Linkage and Association Analyses
- 39 Autism Endophenotypes and Quantitative Trait Loci
- 40 Autism Subgroups from a Medical Genetics Perspective
- 41 Rare Genetic Variants and Autism Spectrum Disorders
- 42 Known and Possible Roles of Epigenetics in Autism
- 43 Isolated Populations and Common Variants
- 44 Isolate Populations and Rare Variation in Autism Spectrum Disorders
- 45 Rett Syndrome and MECP2-Related Disorders
- 46 Fragile X: A Molecular and Treatment Model for Autism Spectrum Disorders
- Commentary: Autism Genetics and Genomics: A Brief Overview and Synthesis
- 47 Environmental Risk Factors in Autism: Results from Large-Scale Epidemiologic Studies
- 48 Environmental Exposures That Increase the Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorders
- 49 Autism and Environmental Genomics: Synergistic Systems Approaches to Autism Complexity
- 50 Zebrafish As a Tool to Study Autism
- 51 Behavioral Evaluation of Genetic Mouse Models of Autism
- 52 Modeling Features of Autism in Rodents
- 53 Nonhuman Primate Models of Autism
- 54 Autism as a Disorder of Functional Brain Connectivity
- 55 The Extreme Male Brain Theory of Autism: The Role of Fetal Androgens
- 56 The Mirror Neuron System and Imitation
- 57 Information Processing and Integration
- Commentary: Translation Between Different Types of Model
- 58 Applied Behavior Analysis and Early Intensive Behavioral Intervention
- 59 Naturalistic Approaches to Early Behavioral Intervention
- 60 Relationship-Based Early Intervention Approach to Autistic Spectrum Disorders: The Developmental, Individual Difference, Relationship-Based Model (The DIR Model)
- 61 Intervention for Infants and Toddlers with Autism Spectrum Disorders
- 62 Relationships, Independence, and Communication in Autism and Asperger’s Disorder
- 63 Occupational Therapy
- 64 Augmentative and Alternative Communication Systems
- 65 Positive Behavior Support and Problem Behavior
- 66 Social Skills Interventions for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders
- 67 Adolescent Transition to Adulthood and Vocational Issues
- 68 Family Adaptive Functioning in Autism
- 69 Psychopharmacological Treatment of Autism
- 70 Autism Spectrum Disorders: Identification and Implications of Associated Medical Conditions
- 71 Dietary, Complementary, and Alternative Therapies
- 72 The mGluR Theory of Fragile X Syndrome
- Commentary: Future Directions in the Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorders
- 73 Best Practices: Early Diagnosis and Psychological Assessment
- 74 Diagnosis and Assessment of Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Medical Perspective
- 75 Best Practice, Policy, and Future Directions: Behavioral and Psychosocial Interventions
- 76 Pharmacotherapy for Autism Spectrum Disorders
- 77 Best Practices: Pediatrics
- Commentary: Bioethical Considerations in Autism Research and Translation: Present and Future
- 78 The Economic Costs of Autism: A Review
- 79 Future Directions: Setting Priorities to Guide the Federal Research Effort
- 80 To Petition the Government for a Redress of Grievances
- 81 Top Priorities for Autism/Asperger’s Research: Perspectives from a Person with Autism
- Index