- Dedication
- Foreword
- Preface
- Contributors
- Diffusion MRI
- 1 The Functional Anatomy of White Matter: From Postmortem Dissections to In Vivo Virtual Tractography
- 2 Neurobiology of White Matter Disorders
- 3 Invasive Methods for Tracing White Matter Architecture
- 4 Physics of Diffusion
- 5 Magnetic Resonance Diffusion Imaging: Introduction and Concepts
- 6 Anisotropic Diffusion: From the Apparent Diffusion Coefficient to the Apparent Diffusion Tensor
- 7 What Makes Diffusion Anisotropic in the Nervous System?
- 8 Biophysics of Diffusion in Cells
- 9 Extracting Geometric Properties of White Matter with q-Space Diffusion MRI (QSI)
- 10 The Cumulant Expansion: An Overarching Mathematical Framework For Understanding Diffusion NMR
- 11 Hardware Considerations for Diffusion MRI
- 12 EPI-Based Pulse Sequences for Diffusion Tensor MRI
- 13 Non-EPI Pulse Sequences for Diffusion MRI
- 14 Phase Errors in Diffusion-Weighted Imaging
- 15 Optimal Approaches to Diffusion MRI Acquisition
- 16 Least Squares Approaches to Diffusion Tensor Estimation
- 17 Image Distortion and Its Correction in Diffusion MRI
- 18 Artifacts in Diffusion MRI
- 19 Quality Assurance for Diffusion MRI
- 20 Statistical Issues in Diffusion Tensor MRI
- 21 Visualization of Diffusion MRI Data
- 22 Deterministic White Matter Tractography
- 23 Probabilistic Fiber Tracking
- 24 Connectivity-Based Parcellation of Gray Matter
- 25 Diffusion Tensor Microimaging and Its Applications
- 26 Anatomical Validation of DTI and Tractography
- 27 Mathematics of Crossing Fibers
- 28 The Biophysics of Crossing Fibers
- 29 Strategies for Patient–Control Comparison of Diffusion MR Data
- 30 Diffusion Tensor Imaging in Brain Development
- 31 Diffusion in Acute Stroke
- 32 Diffusion in Chronic Stroke and Small Vessel Disease
- 33 Diffusion Imaging in Brain Tumors
- 34 Diffusion Tensor MRI in Multiple Sclerosis
- 35 Diffusion MRI in Epilepsy
- 36 DTI and Tractography in Neurosurgical Planning
- 37 Diffusion MRI in Psychiatric Disorders
- 38 Diffusion Tensor Imaging in Aging and Age-Related Neurodegenerative Disorders
- 39 Diffusion Imaging in Gray Matter
- 40 Diffusion Imaging of the Optic Nerve, Spinal Cord, and Peripheral Nerve
- 41 Diffusion Imaging in Muscle
- 42 Insights into Diffusion Tensor Imaging from Animal Models of White Matter Pathology
- 43 Reminiscences about the Development of Pulsed Field Gradient Spin Echo NMR (PFGSE-NMR)
- 44 Diffusion, Diffraction, and Microimaging
- 45 Diffusion MRI: Conception, Birth, and Adolescence
- 46 DWI in Cerebral Ischemia: The Early Days
- 47 Invention and Development of Diffusion Tensor MRI (DT-MRI or DTI) at the NIH
- Author Index
- Subject Index
(p. 485) Strategies for Patient–Control Comparison of Diffusion MR Data
- Chapter:
- (p. 485) Strategies for Patient–Control Comparison of Diffusion MR Data
- Author(s):
Mara Cercignani
- DOI:
- 10.1093/med/9780195369779.003.0029
This chapter summarizes the main strategies for patient-control comparison of diffusion MRI data, including region of interest (ROI), histogram, voxel based analyses, and tractography. For each approach, a brief overview of the methods is given, followed by a discussion of the main limitations and advantages. In particular, it shows that the best strategy to extract quantitative information from diffusion data depends on the specific application. For example, ROI analysis is sensitive to small changes, particularly if concentrated in a small area of the brain; however, it is time-consuming and poorly reproducible, it requires an anatomical reference sharing the same geometry as the diffusion data, and the definition of clear guidelines; it also requires a strong hypothesis about the location of pathology. Histogram analysis is indicated when dealing with a diffuse disease, as it provides an assessment of the whole-brain without information on the location of pathology, and it requires an accurate procedure for CSF removal. An approach that conjugates the spatial specificity of ROI analysis with the possibility of assessing the whole brain is voxel-based analysis. A strong appeal of VB methods is the fact that while it might require long computational time, it requires minimal intervention from the user. Its reproducibility, however, strongly depends on the setting of the normalization and smoothing parameters. A diffusion tensor specific approach, named tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS), was recently developed. Its pros and cons are discussed. Finally, the most typical applications of diffusion tractography in clinical research are reviewed: tractography-based ROI definition, anatomical connectivity mapping, tract-shape definition and comparison, and connectivity-based parcellation.
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- Dedication
- Foreword
- Preface
- Contributors
- Diffusion MRI
- 1 The Functional Anatomy of White Matter: From Postmortem Dissections to In Vivo Virtual Tractography
- 2 Neurobiology of White Matter Disorders
- 3 Invasive Methods for Tracing White Matter Architecture
- 4 Physics of Diffusion
- 5 Magnetic Resonance Diffusion Imaging: Introduction and Concepts
- 6 Anisotropic Diffusion: From the Apparent Diffusion Coefficient to the Apparent Diffusion Tensor
- 7 What Makes Diffusion Anisotropic in the Nervous System?
- 8 Biophysics of Diffusion in Cells
- 9 Extracting Geometric Properties of White Matter with q-Space Diffusion MRI (QSI)
- 10 The Cumulant Expansion: An Overarching Mathematical Framework For Understanding Diffusion NMR
- 11 Hardware Considerations for Diffusion MRI
- 12 EPI-Based Pulse Sequences for Diffusion Tensor MRI
- 13 Non-EPI Pulse Sequences for Diffusion MRI
- 14 Phase Errors in Diffusion-Weighted Imaging
- 15 Optimal Approaches to Diffusion MRI Acquisition
- 16 Least Squares Approaches to Diffusion Tensor Estimation
- 17 Image Distortion and Its Correction in Diffusion MRI
- 18 Artifacts in Diffusion MRI
- 19 Quality Assurance for Diffusion MRI
- 20 Statistical Issues in Diffusion Tensor MRI
- 21 Visualization of Diffusion MRI Data
- 22 Deterministic White Matter Tractography
- 23 Probabilistic Fiber Tracking
- 24 Connectivity-Based Parcellation of Gray Matter
- 25 Diffusion Tensor Microimaging and Its Applications
- 26 Anatomical Validation of DTI and Tractography
- 27 Mathematics of Crossing Fibers
- 28 The Biophysics of Crossing Fibers
- 29 Strategies for Patient–Control Comparison of Diffusion MR Data
- 30 Diffusion Tensor Imaging in Brain Development
- 31 Diffusion in Acute Stroke
- 32 Diffusion in Chronic Stroke and Small Vessel Disease
- 33 Diffusion Imaging in Brain Tumors
- 34 Diffusion Tensor MRI in Multiple Sclerosis
- 35 Diffusion MRI in Epilepsy
- 36 DTI and Tractography in Neurosurgical Planning
- 37 Diffusion MRI in Psychiatric Disorders
- 38 Diffusion Tensor Imaging in Aging and Age-Related Neurodegenerative Disorders
- 39 Diffusion Imaging in Gray Matter
- 40 Diffusion Imaging of the Optic Nerve, Spinal Cord, and Peripheral Nerve
- 41 Diffusion Imaging in Muscle
- 42 Insights into Diffusion Tensor Imaging from Animal Models of White Matter Pathology
- 43 Reminiscences about the Development of Pulsed Field Gradient Spin Echo NMR (PFGSE-NMR)
- 44 Diffusion, Diffraction, and Microimaging
- 45 Diffusion MRI: Conception, Birth, and Adolescence
- 46 DWI in Cerebral Ischemia: The Early Days
- 47 Invention and Development of Diffusion Tensor MRI (DT-MRI or DTI) at the NIH
- Author Index
- Subject Index