Show Summary Details
- Dedication
- Foreword
- Preface
- Contributors
- Diffusion MRI
- I What Are We Studying and Why?
- 1 The Functional Anatomy of White Matter: From Postmortem Dissections to In Vivo Virtual Tractography
- 2 Neurobiology of White Matter Disorders
- 3 Invasive Methods for Tracing White Matter Architecture
- II The Basics of Diffusion MRI
- 4 Physics of Diffusion
- 5 Magnetic Resonance Diffusion Imaging: Introduction and Concepts
- 6 Anisotropic Diffusion: From the Apparent Diffusion Coefficient to the Apparent Diffusion Tensor
- 7 What Makes Diffusion Anisotropic in the Nervous System?
- 8 Biophysics of Diffusion in Cells
- 9 Extracting Geometric Properties of White Matter with q-Space Diffusion MRI (QSI)
- 10 The Cumulant Expansion: An Overarching Mathematical Framework For Understanding Diffusion NMR
- III Experimental Aspects of Diffusion MRI
- 11 Hardware Considerations for Diffusion MRI
- 12 EPI-Based Pulse Sequences for Diffusion Tensor MRI
- 13 Non-EPI Pulse Sequences for Diffusion MRI
- 14 Phase Errors in Diffusion-Weighted Imaging
- 15 Optimal Approaches to Diffusion MRI Acquisition
- 16 Least Squares Approaches to Diffusion Tensor Estimation
- 17 Image Distortion and Its Correction in Diffusion MRI
- 18 Artifacts in Diffusion MRI
- 19 Quality Assurance for Diffusion MRI
- 20 Statistical Issues in Diffusion Tensor MRI
- 21 Visualization of Diffusion MRI Data
- IV Fiber Tracking
- 22 Deterministic White Matter Tractography
- 23 Probabilistic Fiber Tracking
- 24 Connectivity-Based Parcellation of Gray Matter
- 25 Diffusion Tensor Microimaging and Its Applications
- 26 Anatomical Validation of DTI and Tractography
- V Crossing Fibers
- 27 Mathematics of Crossing Fibers
- 28 The Biophysics of Crossing Fibers
- VI Diffusion MRI of Brain Disorders
- 29 Strategies for Patient–Control Comparison of Diffusion MR Data
- 30 Diffusion Tensor Imaging in Brain Development
- 31 Diffusion in Acute Stroke
- 32 Diffusion in Chronic Stroke and Small Vessel Disease
- 33 Diffusion Imaging in Brain Tumors
- 34 Diffusion Tensor MRI in Multiple Sclerosis
- 35 Diffusion MRI in Epilepsy
- 36 DTI and Tractography in Neurosurgical Planning
- 37 Diffusion MRI in Psychiatric Disorders
- 38 Diffusion Tensor Imaging in Aging and Age-Related Neurodegenerative Disorders
- VII Diffusion MRI Beyond White Matter
- 39 Diffusion Imaging in Gray Matter
- 40 Diffusion Imaging of the Optic Nerve, Spinal Cord, and Peripheral Nerve
- 41 Diffusion Imaging in Muscle
- 42 Insights into Diffusion Tensor Imaging from Animal Models of White Matter Pathology
- VIII How It All Started—Personal Perspectives from the Pioneers
- 43 Reminiscences about the Development of Pulsed Field Gradient Spin Echo NMR (PFGSE-NMR)
- 44 Diffusion, Diffraction, and Microimaging
- 45 Diffusion MRI: Conception, Birth, and Adolescence
- 46 DWI in Cerebral Ischemia: The Early Days
- 47 Invention and Development of Diffusion Tensor MRI (DT-MRI or DTI) at the NIH
- Author Index
- Subject Index
(p. 92) What Makes Diffusion Anisotropic in the Nervous System?
(p. 92)
What Makes Diffusion Anisotropic in the Nervous System?
- Chapter:
- (p. 92) What Makes Diffusion Anisotropic in the Nervous System?
- Author(s):
Christian Beaulieu
- DOI:
- 10.1093/med/9780195369779.003.0007
Water molecules diffuse more rapidly along nerve or white matter tracts than across them, resulting in anisotropic diffusion that can be quantified by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). In order better to interpret DTI results, an understanding of the potential relationships between diffusion measurements and the underlying tissue microstructure is required, as well as recognition of the limitations in this regard. This chapter presents many of the basic diffusion MRI studies that have attempted to sort out the potential contributions from magnetic susceptibility, the cytoskeleton, axonal membranes, and myelin to the degree of anisotropic water diffusion.
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- Dedication
- Foreword
- Preface
- Contributors
- Diffusion MRI
- I What Are We Studying and Why?
- 1 The Functional Anatomy of White Matter: From Postmortem Dissections to In Vivo Virtual Tractography
- 2 Neurobiology of White Matter Disorders
- 3 Invasive Methods for Tracing White Matter Architecture
- II The Basics of Diffusion MRI
- 4 Physics of Diffusion
- 5 Magnetic Resonance Diffusion Imaging: Introduction and Concepts
- 6 Anisotropic Diffusion: From the Apparent Diffusion Coefficient to the Apparent Diffusion Tensor
- 7 What Makes Diffusion Anisotropic in the Nervous System?
- 8 Biophysics of Diffusion in Cells
- 9 Extracting Geometric Properties of White Matter with q-Space Diffusion MRI (QSI)
- 10 The Cumulant Expansion: An Overarching Mathematical Framework For Understanding Diffusion NMR
- III Experimental Aspects of Diffusion MRI
- 11 Hardware Considerations for Diffusion MRI
- 12 EPI-Based Pulse Sequences for Diffusion Tensor MRI
- 13 Non-EPI Pulse Sequences for Diffusion MRI
- 14 Phase Errors in Diffusion-Weighted Imaging
- 15 Optimal Approaches to Diffusion MRI Acquisition
- 16 Least Squares Approaches to Diffusion Tensor Estimation
- 17 Image Distortion and Its Correction in Diffusion MRI
- 18 Artifacts in Diffusion MRI
- 19 Quality Assurance for Diffusion MRI
- 20 Statistical Issues in Diffusion Tensor MRI
- 21 Visualization of Diffusion MRI Data
- IV Fiber Tracking
- 22 Deterministic White Matter Tractography
- 23 Probabilistic Fiber Tracking
- 24 Connectivity-Based Parcellation of Gray Matter
- 25 Diffusion Tensor Microimaging and Its Applications
- 26 Anatomical Validation of DTI and Tractography
- V Crossing Fibers
- 27 Mathematics of Crossing Fibers
- 28 The Biophysics of Crossing Fibers
- VI Diffusion MRI of Brain Disorders
- 29 Strategies for Patient–Control Comparison of Diffusion MR Data
- 30 Diffusion Tensor Imaging in Brain Development
- 31 Diffusion in Acute Stroke
- 32 Diffusion in Chronic Stroke and Small Vessel Disease
- 33 Diffusion Imaging in Brain Tumors
- 34 Diffusion Tensor MRI in Multiple Sclerosis
- 35 Diffusion MRI in Epilepsy
- 36 DTI and Tractography in Neurosurgical Planning
- 37 Diffusion MRI in Psychiatric Disorders
- 38 Diffusion Tensor Imaging in Aging and Age-Related Neurodegenerative Disorders
- VII Diffusion MRI Beyond White Matter
- 39 Diffusion Imaging in Gray Matter
- 40 Diffusion Imaging of the Optic Nerve, Spinal Cord, and Peripheral Nerve
- 41 Diffusion Imaging in Muscle
- 42 Insights into Diffusion Tensor Imaging from Animal Models of White Matter Pathology
- VIII How It All Started—Personal Perspectives from the Pioneers
- 43 Reminiscences about the Development of Pulsed Field Gradient Spin Echo NMR (PFGSE-NMR)
- 44 Diffusion, Diffraction, and Microimaging
- 45 Diffusion MRI: Conception, Birth, and Adolescence
- 46 DWI in Cerebral Ischemia: The Early Days
- 47 Invention and Development of Diffusion Tensor MRI (DT-MRI or DTI) at the NIH
- Author Index
- Subject Index
